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Ruled over Spain
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Ruled over England
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Ruled over Spain
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Ruled over Russia
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Ruled over England
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17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe. It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history, with more than 8 million casualties resulting from military battles as well as from the famine and disease caused by the conflict.
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The English Civil War was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists, mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom. It was part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
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Ruled over France
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Ruled over Russia
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The Glorious Revolution refers to the events of 1688–89 that led to Catholic King James II of England being deposed and replaced on the throne by his Protestant daughter Mary II and her husband William III, Prince of Orange.
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A struggle to determine whether the vast possessions of the Spanish Empire should pass to the House of Bourbon or to the House of Habsburg, both of which had dynastic claims, or whether they should be partitioned to preserve the balance of power in Europe.
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The French and Indian War began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The war provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America, but disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution.
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Ruled over France
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A meeting of the three estates within French society which included the clergy, nobility and the peasant classes. The estate to which a person belonged was very important because it determined that person's rights, obligations and status. -
In the Tennis Court Oath, representatives of the non-clergy and non-nobles of France swore they would not disperse until a constitution was established for France. While the oath-makers were successful, the French Revolution soon tumbled out of control. -
Rising bread prices, the concentration of foreign soldiers around Paris, and counter-revolutionary measures by the king. Searching for weapons and gunpowder led the mob to the Bastille. The storming of the Bastille symbolically marked the beginning of the French Revolution. -
Emerged from the tenets of the Enlightenment, including individualism, the social contract as theorized by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by Montesquieu. Provided protection for numerous individual rights: liberty, property, freedom of speech and the press, freedom of religion and equal treatment before the law. -
Concerned over the high price and scarcity of bread, women from the marketplaces of Paris led the March on Versailles. This became one of the most significant events of the French Revolution, eventually forcing the royals to return to Paris. -
He was brought to trial for treason and executed by guillotine. His execution caused shock waves and condemnation around the world, most notably in Britain, which within a fortnight was at war with France. -
A conscripted army, which saved France from invasion by other countries, was meant to solidify the gains of the Revolution and to create a stable republic. Instead, it destabilized the country
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Robespierre and a number of his followers were arrested at the Hôtel de Ville in Paris. The next day Robespierre and 21 of his followers were taken to the Place de la Révolution, where they were executed by guillotine before a cheering crowd. -
Napoleon established the legitimacy of his position and hereditary rule. He secured the faith of his supporters, the compliance of his Royalist dissenters and did away with the last vestiges of the revolution to become the highest authority in France. -
The British Army fought a war in the Iberian Peninsula against the invading forces of Napoleon's France. Aided by their Spanish and Portuguese allies, the British held off superior French numbers before winning a series of victories and driving them out.
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Napoleon and his troops invade Russia. The campaign failed, however, because Napoleon and his men ran out of food, and could not survive the harsh weather conditions. -
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Nicholas II (Romanov) ruled Russia