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Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Absolutism
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Period: Jan 1, 1519 to Oct 2, 1556
Charles V Reign
Charles V was the Holy Roman Emperor. He was highly Catholic, and strongly opposed the Protestant Reformation (which he is best known for). -
Jan 28, 1519
Charles V becomes Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V, already King of Spain, was elected the Holy Roman Emperor. He bribed the German Princes to vote for him, so that he could beat out candidates like King Henry VIII, King Francis I, and the duke of Saxony. He wanted to unite all the kingdoms belonging to Spain and create one universal empire. -
Period: Mar 31, 1547 to Jul 10, 1559
Regin of King Henry II of France
King Henry II was the King of France from the House of Hapsburg. He sort of won the Italian Wars, France gained many territories, but lost several in Italy. He also tried to surpress the Protestant Reformation. -
Period: Oct 10, 1547 to
Ivan the Terrible
Ivan was the Grand Prince of Moscow and eventually the ruler of Russia until his death. He expanded Russia's boarders, making it a multiethnic country. He also made it from a medival state to an emerging European power and eventually empire. -
Oct 7, 1550
Spain's Economy increases
Gold was found in Mexico and Peru. Spainish gold imports peaked in the 1550s, and silver later on in the 1590s. This influx of gold and silver, plus the population surplus, fueled an astounding inflation in food prices in Europe. -
Sep 25, 1555
Peace of Augsburg
This document was made official in Germany. It made Lutheranism a legal religion throughout the Holy Roman Empire.This also allowed Calvanism to begin to spread, and eventually led to the French religious wars. The German prince of each province could decide the religion of the land they ruled over. -
Period: Oct 2, 1556 to
Reign of King Philip II (Spain)
King Philip II was actually once King of England and the Duchy of Burgundy, in addition to being the King of Spain. He had territories on every continent known to Europe at that time. He was also in charge of the Spanish Armada (read the event). -
Period: Oct 6, 1558 to
Reign of Queen Elizabeth I (England)
Queen Elizabeth I was an English Queen, and the last of the Tudor rulers (her father was Henry VIII). She reestablished the Church of England, and highly supported Protestants over Christians. -
Oct 10, 1560
Witch Trials begin to Reach New Heights
This was the time in history for all of Europe that witch trials peaked. This lasted until 1640. It was related to the breakthroughs of the new science. Although witch trials were not unusual for the time, the new idea that witches should be killed was. -
Dec 5, 1560
Conflict due to King Charles IX
King Cahrles became King of France after both of his older brothers--Henry II and Francis II-- died. He became King at 10 years old, so his mother-- Catherine de Médicis--mostly took over the crown. This was extreme bad news for the already weakened crown. The Bourbon family believed that they deserved the crown more than Catherine. So, they sided with the Huguenots, and broke out into civil war. -
Period: Dec 5, 1560 to May 30, 1574
Reign of King Charles IX of France
King Charles IX of France was the a French monarch from the House of Valois. He had a very difficult time with the Catholics and the Protestants, so he arranged many marriages to create peace, and ended up unsuccessful in that manor. -
Oct 4, 1562
French Wars Begin
In 1555, Calvanism began to spread in France. The Calvinist pastors preached the message in a wider area. This began the development of the Huguenot Church (French Calvanist). In 1562, the Huguenot and Catholic armies fought and ultimately deeply hurt France. -
Period: Oct 4, 1562 to
French Wars of Religion
This war was primarily between the Catholics and the Protestants in France. It consisted of the Protestants and Huguenots from England versus the Catholics from Spain. it ended with the Edict of Nantes (see above event). The Catholics lost. -
Oct 6, 1563
Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion (England)
The Church of England released a document under Elizabeth I's control named the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion. It incorporated elements of Cahtolic ritual along with Calvinist doctrines. Puritans were highly against it. -
Oct 4, 1566
Calvinists attack Catholic Churches in the Netherlands
The Cavinists of the Netherlands attacked the Catholic Churches in 1566. They smashed stained-glass windows and statues of the Virgin Mary. King Philip had to send an army to punish them and make them stop. -
Oct 6, 1568
Moriscos Revolt
A group of Moriscos-- Muslim converts to Christianity to remained faithful to Islam-- revolted (for about 2 years) in southern Spain. He forced a good majority of them to leave their villages and resettle in other religions. Later on, they were even forced out of Spain altogether. -
Oct 4, 1569
French Nobility converts to Calvanism
By the end of the 1560s, about 1/3rd of the nobels joined the army with the Huguenots. This conversion was common (from Catholic in nobility to Calvanism), and it started with the women. They provided money and advice to the church, protected pastors, and founded schools for Calvanism. An example of this would be Charlotte de Bourbon (in picture). -
Oct 4, 1571
Greatest Military Victory of Philip II (Spain)
King Philip II of Spain achieved his greatest military victory when he joined with Venice and the papcy to defeat the Turks in a sea battle off Lepanto--Greek coast. Spain then controlled the western Mediterranean. -
Aug 24, 1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Catherine de Médici arranges marriage between Huguenot and Bourbon in fear of the Guise influence. An attempt on a Huguenot nobels allied with the Bourbons. Catherine ordered her son to order the killing of all Huguenot officials.A bloodbath then began between the Catholics and Protestants for 3 days, and it settled nothing. -
Period: Oct 4, 1574 to
Reign of Henry III (France)
King Henry III was a french monarch from the House of Valois. He was the son of King Henry II and Catherine de Medici. He also was King of Poland and Duke of Lithuania. -
Oct 6, 1578
Spanish Fury
This was an 11 day horror. The Spanish soldiers--unpaid by Philip II at the time-- slaughtered seven thousand people. They were led by Prince William of Orange. The Netherlands Protestant provinces and Catholic provinces had to unite tot drive out the Spanish. -
Oct 6, 1580
King Philip II (Spain) takes over Portugal
King Philip II as King of Spain took over Protugal after their king died without an heir. He was allowed to do so after previously having a marriage with Elisabeth de Valois, sisted of Cahrles IX and Henry III of France, which allowed him to be involved in English and French affairs. Because of taking over Portugal, he gained control of Africa, India, and the Americas. -
Spainish Armada attacks England
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, was a protestant. She funded the Dutch against Philip II (Spain) and helped them out as much as possible because she was a Protestant herself. She made Mary Queen of Scotland put her son (eventually King James I of England) with a protestant family, and ordered to have Mary killed. Philip protested and sent his ships to England in order to defeat Elizabeth I. He lost and the Catholic empire all over Europe was negatively affected, and Spain began to decline. -
Period: to
Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV (King of France)
He was the first monarch of the Bourbon Family. He was a French King who was Calvinist. However, when he took the thrown (he was King by blood), he felt it necessary to be a Calvinist in secret and look like a Catholic to the people. -
Period: to
Famine in Europe
Most of Europe suffered from shortages during this time. The resulting famine triggered revolts from Ireland to Muscovy-- Food was more expensive and the population was much higher. -
Edict of Nantes
King Henry IV becomes leader of France and embrasses catholicism. He made peace with Spain and issued this document, granting the Huguenots religious tolerance. Protestants were allowed free worship in specified towns, while at the same time keeping the Kingdom Catholic. -
Hamlet was written
Englishman William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. His plays reflected conerns during his time period. Even more specifically, his plays show the chaos that can result when power is misappropraited or misused. -
Period: to
King James I (England)
King James I was the King of England, but he also became King James VI of Scottland when the English and Scotish crowns united. His mother was Mary, Queen of Scots. Eventually, he was succeded by Charles I. -
Jamestown Colony
Jamestown was the first English settlement in America. It was founded by the Virginia Company, who hoped to make money off of crops in the US, especially tabacco. -
Period: to
Reign of King Louis XIII (France)
King Louis XIII was a French monarch, and was part of the House of Bourbon.During his reign, the Navarre crown merged with the French crown. He relied heavily upon Cardinal Richelieu because he was so young when he started ruling. -
Period: to
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Gustavus Adolphus was the King of Sweden during the 30 years war. He led them to have a superior military, and was one of the best military generals of the time. He died during the war, however. -
Beginning of Thirty Years War
Catholic Archduke Ferdinand was crowned King of Bohemia in 1617. He began taking away religious freedoms granted to Protestants in Peace of Augsburg. The Czechs (protestant) created an assembly to start resistance. Eventually, they wanted their independence from Ferdinand and failed until 1918. -
Period: to
Thirty Years War
This was a war about religion. It involved many of the countries of Europe, and eventually resulted in the Peace of Westphalia (Defined in the event), and it ultimately led to the decline of feudalism in Europe. -
New Plymouth Colony begins
This was a colony founded in Plymouth, Massachusetts by the English. The people were brought over on a ship called the Mayflower. The colony was made by separatists-- those trying to separate from the Church of England. Eventually, these people were called pilgrims. -
Spain's Silver Imports Decrease
In 1625, the silver imports to Spain decreased immensely. This is because so many of the native Americans who worked in the Spanish colonial mines died from disease, and the mines themselves were emptied of silver. -
French Plague
This plague started in 1628 during the famine in Europe. Bad harvests had led to malnutrition, which made them much more suseptible to diseases like the plague, influenza, typhus, typhoid, etc. Nearly 5% of France's population died from the Plague during 1628-1632. -
Sweden invades Germany
Gustavus marched into Germany and declared his support of the protestants. He also wanted to gain control of northern European trade. Sweden was the main power in Europe at that time, so their support was essential. -
Treaty of Barwalde
Treaty of Barwalde—A treaty was signed between King of France (Cardinal Richelieu) and King of Sweden (Gustavus Adolphus). This was after Gustavus invaded Germany and the French decided to join them (even though France was Catholic) against the Catholic Bohemia in the name of Protestantism. France did this so that they could gain an alliance with the most powerful army in the world. -
Period: to
King Louis XIV: King of France
A ruler in France, King Louis XIV created an absolute monarchy. He focused on gaining land and economic wealth for France through war and colonies. Also, he wanted to take Spain down as the leading power of Europe and promote France. -
Peace of Westphalia
Named after the German provience were it was createdm this was a settlement between a diplomatic congress, which brought all parties fighting in the war together. They negoiated what they wanted (France got part of Alsace and was the new main power over Spain, and Sweden took over nothern territoies from Holy Roman Empire).This was the first time an international congress was made, and is still used today. -
Period: to
The Fonde
This was a series of revolts due to King Louis XIV making France an absolute monarchy. It threatened the French population, and put the King in a very difficult position (especially when he took the crown at 5 years old). -
Code of Laws of 1649
During the recession in Europe and near Europe during the seventeenth century, peasants had a tough time paying nobels their rent and dues. So, they eventually all became serfs (people tied to the land). This was recognized in the Code of Law 1649 (for Muscovy), which was a document made that used real legal cases as a basis for law of that time frame. -
Louis XIV- Head of State
During French King Louis XIV's reign, he claimed "L'état, c'est moi", meaning "I am the state". This emphasized his idea that all state authority rested in him personally. This lead to his absolute monarchy form of government. -
King Louis XIV Denies Jansenism of Rights
In 1660, King Louis XIV decided to begin enforcing various papal decrees about Janenism. He shut the whole religion down. The Jansenists were forced to go underground. -
King Louis XIV rules without a First Minister
After Cardinal Mazarin died, King Louis XIV decided to rule without a firest minister. However, he had a very difficult time leading France's nobels because of this, and many other problems sprouted. Most nobels also didn't like him militarily as well. -
Great Fire of London
This fire swept a great part of London away. It consumed almost the whole city, including St. Peter's Cathedral. Although not many deaths were recorded, this was quite devestating especially with waves of the plague still prevailing during this time. -
War of Devolution
The war of devolution started as France versus the Netherlands because he wanted more land in the Spanish Netherlands (because they held the economic power in Europe at that time). Then, it became France versus Spain, Dutch Republic, England, and Sweden. -
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War of Devolution
The War of Devolution was fought between Spain, Sutch Republic, England, and Sweden versus France. France won, and they gained Flanders, or towns, in the Spanish Netherlands. -
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Dutch War
The Dutch war was a battle between France and Spain, Dutch Republic, Holy Roman Empire. Spain ends up winning. They gain Spanish Netherlands towns and Franche-Comté. -
Period: to
Peter the Great's Reign
Peter the Great was a Russian ruler. He was half brothers with Ivan the Terrible. He had a traditional style of rule mixed with medival political and social systems. -
Revolution of !688
This was also known as the Glorious Revolution, and the War of English Succession. It was an overthrow of the English King James II (he also ruled of Ireland and Scotland). William Orange led it and won. -
Militia Draft
In France, A militia draft was instruted to supplement the army in times of war. It automatically enrolled hundreds of men needed to fight in the war. The state also began to provide uniforms at that time for the soldiers and provide medical care.
