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Amerigo Vespucci returns from his explorations of the New World. American continents named after him by German mapmaker.
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In 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama and reaches the Bay of San Miguel, discovering the "Mar del Sur" (Pacific Ocean)
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Between 1519-1522 Ferdinand Magellan's expedition completes the first circumnavigation of the globe, exploring the coast of Patagonia and discovering and traversing the Strait of Magellan.
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The Spanish conquest of the Aztecs in 1521, led by Hernando Cortes, was a landmark victory for the European settlers. Following the Spanish arrival in Mexico, a huge battle erupted between the army of Cortes and the Aztec people under the rule of Montezuma. This led to more exploration in the "New World."
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Jean Bodin's doctrine of sovereignty was adopted by virtually all the absolutist theorists of the seventeenth century.
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After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 169 Spanish soldiers under Francisco Pizarro and their native allies captured the Sapa Inca Atahualpa in the 1532 Battle of Cajamarca. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region as the Viceroyalty of Peru.
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Inherited the throne at 3 years old. Was a decent king until death of his wife, Anastasia Romanov, after which he killed his eldest son and imposed harsh laws and taxes on Russians, causing them to dislike him strongly. He died on March 28, 1584.
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French navigator Jacques Cartier becomes the first European explorer to discover the St. Lawrence River in present-day Quebec, Canada. In 1534, Cartier was commissioned by King Francis I of France to explore the northern American lands in search of riches and the rumored Northwest Passage to Asia.
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In May 1539, de Soto set out from Cuba with about 600 men, plus horses, pigs, and equipment. His contract with the king required him to explore the region and establish settlements and forts. After landing on the southwest coast of Florida, the crew traveled through the Southeast before crossing the Mississippi River into what is now Arkansas on June 28, 1541 (June 18 on the Julian calendar, which was used at that time).
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Francisco Vasquez de Coronado explores the southwestern United States and discovers the Grand Canyon.In 1540, Coronado led a major Spanish expedition up Mexico's western coast and into the region that is now the southwestern United States. Though the explorers found none of the storied treasure, they did discover the Grand Canyon and other major physical landmarks of the region, and clashed violently with local Indians.
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It positioned the Sun near the center of the Universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets rotating around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds. The Copernican model departed from the Ptolemaic system that prevailed in Western culture for centuries, placing Earth at the center of the Universe, and is often regarded as the launching point to modern astronomy and the Scientific Revolution.
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Mary took the throne after Edward’s death. She was married to Phillip II, and was known for trying to convert England to Catholicism because that is what her mother’s religion was. She is also known as Bloody Mary for burning and persecuting Protestants.
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Elizabeth I issued the Treaty of Berwick, stating that if she did not have an heir, the throne of England would pass to James I, Mary Queen of Scots’ son. Elizabeth forgot about the treaty and did not have an heir. The throne passed to James I.
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The French Wars of Religion were fought between the Catholic League and the Huguenots. The beginning of the wars were started by the Massacre of Vassey (murder of of Huguenot worshipers).
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The Dutch revolt was the successful revolt of the northenrn, largely Protestant Seven Provinces of the Low Countries against the rule of King Philip of Spain. The Dutch revolted because the Spanish king tried to institue a 10% tax (Den Tiding Penning).
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The Union of Lublin replaced the personal union of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy.
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The battle took place when a fleet of the Holy League defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire in five hours of fighting taking place off the coast of Corinth (Greece). The vitctory of the Holy League prevented the Ottoman Empire expanding further along the European side of the Mediterranean.
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This day was a massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris plotted by Catherine de Médicis and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century.
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In December of 1577 Sir Francis Drake starts his voyage and becomes the first Englishman to travel around the world.
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The most important of English absolutists was the philosopher, Thomas Hobbes who published two influential works of political thought De cive (1642, 1647) and Leviathan (1651).
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he Spanish Armada was a fleet assembled and dispatched by King Phillip II of Spain in attempt to invade England in 1588. His attempt was unsuccessful. Queen Elizabeth I of England held the defeat of the armada as one of her greatest achievements, assisting the decline of the Spanish Empire. In the battle of Gravelines, on August 8, the Spanish were defeated by England and the armada sailed home with remaining ships that were heavily damaged to Spain; 67 of the original 130 ships reached Spain, m
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Henry IV was the first monarch to be produced from the Bourbon division of the Capetian ruling family.Henry was an active Huguenot in the French Wars of Religion and participated in the War of three Henries.He appointed Duke Sully to be his financial advisor.
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It granted a large measure of religious liberty to his Protestant subjects, the Huguenots. The edict upheld Protestants in freedom of conscience and permitted them to hold public worship in many parts of the kingdom, though not in Paris. It granted them full civil rights and established a special court, the Chambre de l’Édit, composed of both Protestants and Catholics, to deal with disputes arising from the edict.
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Considered by many to be Shakespeare's boldest and most profound play. Questions over the succession of Elizabeth I's throne had created many uncertainties in England that are reflected in this play. Hamlet is a scholar and a melancholic, which, to the Elizabethans, meant someone who was very introspective and world-weary. The play is a revenge tragedy, a type of play that was especially popular with the Elizabethans.
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Puritans were Scottish Calvinist who moved to England. They wanted to purify the Anglican church of all routes of Christianity. So this basically means that the puritans wanted to removed Anglicanism because they had basically the same religion.
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On May 14, 1607, the Virginia Company explorers landed on Jamestown Island to establish the Virginia English colony on the banks of the James River, 60 miles from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. By one account, they landed there because the deep water channel let their ships ride close to shore; close enough to moor them to the trees.
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The intendant System was created by Cardinal Richelieu during Louis XIII's rule.The overall idea behind the system was that it divided France up into 32 districts each governed by someone who would reports the status of their district to either Richelieu himself or King Louis XIII.This system made governing all of France a much more managable task for the King and his advisors.
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Cardinal Richelieu was made head of State in 1616 and was the acting king, although never given that specific name, for Louis XIII when he was just a kid.Cardinal Richelieu was known as the greates French statesmen in the history of France.He is also considered the first Prime minister of the world.
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The spark that set off the Thirty Years War came in 1618, when the Archbishop of Prague ordered a Protestant church destroyed. The Protestants rose up in revolt, but within two years the rebellion was stamped out by the Habsburg general, Count of Tilly.
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Hugo Grotius was a towering figure in philosophy, political He began composition of De iure belli ac pacis (On the law of war and peace), which was published by a Parisian press in 1625. It quickly made Grotius famous: for example, in a letter to Grotius, Vossius says that Descartes told him that he had recently met the Dutchman.
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Bishop Bassuet was one of the three main men to help Louis XIV succeed in his early years.Because Louis XIV assumed the throne at age 8, Bishop Bassuet introduced the idea of the Divine Right Theory to the court of France.Therefore justifying the rule of Louis XIV as King of France at such a young age.
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The Peace of Alais was a treaty negotiated by Cardinal Richelieu with Huguenot leaders and signed by King Louis XIII of France. It confirmed the basic principles of the Edict of Nantes, but differed in that it contained additional clauses, stating that the Huguenots no longer had political rights and further demanding they relinquish all cities and fortresses immediately.
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In September 1632, Galileo was ordered to come to Rome to stand trial. He finally arrived in February 1633 and was brought before inquisitor Vincenzo Maculani to be charged. Throughout his trial Galileo steadfastly maintained that since 1616 he had faithfully kept his promise not to hold any of the condemned opinions, and initially he denied even defending them. This led to his house arrest
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The Franco-Spanish War began three years before Louis XIV’s birth, was closely tied to the Thirty Years’ War, and would end six years into Louis XIV’s reign. Events before Louis’ birth saw France preemptively attack Spanish positions at Les Avins.
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Charles tries to accomplish one of his father’s goals and unite England and Scotland. Scotland stated that they have no problem uniting as long as they didn’t force them to convert to Anglican. Charles wants to convert them, which lead to the Bishops War.
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Cardinal Mazarin is considered one of he greatest French statesmen in the history of the country.He is second only to his mentor Cardinal Richelieu.Cardinal Mazarin was an important advisor to King Louis XIV because Mazarin was able to successfully protect Louis from two Frondes.
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The English Civil War started in 1642 when Charles I raised his royal standard in Nottingham. The split between Charles and Parliament was such that neither side was willing to back down over the principles that they held and war was inevitable as a way in which all problems could be solved. The country split into those who supported the king and those who supported Parliament .
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During his reign, he transformed the monarchy, ushered in a golden age of art and literature, presided over a dazzling royal court at Versailles, annexed key territories and established his country as the dominant European power.
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The Fronde was a series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635.
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The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic.
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Civil war broke out between Charles I and parliament in 1642. Although Cromwell lacked military experience, he created and led a superb force of cavalry, the 'Ironsides', and rose from the rank of captain to that of lieutenant-general in three years. He convinced parliament to establish a professional army - the New Model Army - which won the decisive victory over the king's forces at Naseby (1645).
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He settled on the royal hunting lodge at Versailles and over the following decades had it expanded into one of the largest palaces in the world. Beginning in 1661, the architect Louis Le Vau, landscape architect André Le Nôtre, and painter-decorator Charles Lebrun began a detailed renovation and expansion of the château. This was done to fulfill Louis XIV's desire to establish a new centre for the royal court.
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert was the head Minister of Finance under king Louis XIV.Colbert is commonly refered to as the Father of French Mercantilism while he made France the most wealthiest country in the world during that time.The only thing that he and Louis XIV butted heads about was the building of a powerful navy to expand outside of France, however Louis XIV wanted to conquer all of Europe before he did this.
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This was the downfall of Louis XIV. His French Army overran the Netherlands and Franche-Cornté only to have to give it back due to the Triple Alliance (England, Sweden, Dutch Republic) in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
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The Second Anglo-Dutch War was part of a series of four Anglo-Dutch Wars fought between the English and the Dutch in the 17th and 18th centuries for control over the seas and trade routes.
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In 1673, Father Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, and Louis Joliet, a fur trader, undertook an expedition to explore the unsettled territory in North America from the Great Lakes region to the Gulf of Mexico for the colonial power of France.Marquette and Joliet entered the Mississippi River and arrived in present-day Arkansas in June 1673. They were considered the first Europeans to come into contact with the Indians of east Arkansas since Hernando de Soto’s expedition in the 1540s.
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Peter the Great is credited with dragging Russia out of the medieval times to such an extent that by his death in 1725, Russia was considered a leading eastern European state. He centralised government, modernised the army, created a navy and increased the subjugation and subjection of the peasants. His domestic policy allowed him to execute an aggressive foreign policy.
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The war of the league of Augsburg was an attempt by Louis' army to capture the old Holy Roman Empire.However, the Consort of Europe along with Spain defeats the army in bloody battle.This is the second major battle that Louis had lost.
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The 1688 Revolution, often referred to as the ‘Glorious Revolution of 1688’, ended the reign of James II and ushered in the reign of William III and Mary II. The 1688 Revolution came at the end of a reign when James II had made it all too clear that he wanted Roman Catholicism reinstalled as the country’s religion.
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Mary was the daughter of James II, however she was raised Protestant. When James II has James III, she fled to the Netherlands and married William of Orange. Parliament then asked her to come back and take the throne. With the help of parliament Mary and William of Orange took the throne.
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