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This was finally established in 1555 and the1600's
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The Grandson of King Ferdidnand and Queen Isabella. He carried the title of Holy Roman Emperor-->making him the ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Constantly at war with France, Protestant and Ottoman Empire. Later in his life he became a monk.
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Son of Charles V. Ruled Spain, The Netherlands, Southern Italy and Southern Americas. He centralized power in Spain. Considered himself the gaurdian of the Catholic Church. Created the golden century.
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He want to Muscovy the center of a mighty Russian Empire. Ivan tortured priests, killed numerous nobles, and murdered his son with an iron rod during a quarrel. Ivan initiated Russian expansion through Sibera.
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Calvinists in Netherlands attack Catholic Churches in 1556 and then King Phillip the III sent an army to put down resistance and in 1576 his army sacked Antwerp.
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Calvinism threatened to alter the religious balance of power in much of Europe
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Nobles started following different religions, a third of nobles started becoming and following the Huguenots
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Trials of witches peaked in Europe. Most victims were female, and there were over 1000 trials.
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Calvinism spread into France after 1555. Calvinist nobles provided military protection to local congregations. And help set up a national organization for the French Calvinists (huguenots). In 1562 rival Huguenots began fiighting in a series of wars.
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Issued under Elizabeth I, incorporated the elements of Catholic ritual along with Calvinist doctrines
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Provided support to the heliocentric view, challenged church doctrine. Observed planets, and potrayed moving part of larger system.
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Mary left ruling to her 1 year old son James I, eventually became King of England
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Muslims converts to Chrisitantiy who remained secretly faithful to Islam revolted in Southern Spain, killing 90 priests and 1500 Christians.
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Achieved the single greatest victory of his reign when he joined with Venice and the Papacy to defeated the Turks in a great sea battle off the coast of Greece
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A blood bath began from years animostity between Catholics and Protestants, in three days Catholic mobs murdered 3000 Huguenots, over the next few weeks it was 10000
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King of Portugal without an heir, and Philip takes the throne
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Prince William of Orange came from the lands he owned in Southern France
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Elizabeth I sent funds to the Dutch Rebels and dispatched 7000 soldiers to help them
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When a letter from Mary offering her secession to Philip was discovered, her plan of executing a fellow monarch was also discovered.
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The Spanish armada was defeated by Queen Elizabeth I. The monarchies drained the treasury and neglected trade with the colonies. Decline of gold from the New World.
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King Phillip sent 130 ships to the English Channel. The English dispesed the armada using blazing ships.
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A fanatical monk stabbed Henry III to death, because Henry III has some guises from the Catholic league.
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Within a few years from 1593 he defeated the Ultra Catholic oppostion and drove out the Spanish
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Most of Europe suffered from shortages of food and agriculture. This famine resulted in revolts from Ireland to Wascabi.
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Jews could openly worship in Synagogues. This openess to various religions would help make Dutch Republic chief religious and scientific centers
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This granted Huguenots religious toleration throughout Europe
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King James the I was chosen by Elizabeth I as her successor to be king of Scotland and England
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Spanish writer Miguel captured the disappointment of the Imperial ambition of Spain
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Ordered the expulsion Moriscos from the Spanish territory, most relocated to North Africa.
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He was trying to strengthen the monarchy, and this backfired
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The last and deadliest of the Religious Wars, which started at the defenstration of two religious leaders.
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Mayflower sails for America and lands in Massachussets where settlers founded Plymouth colony.
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He centralized the authority in to the hands of one monarch but had limitations in powership. He was considered the French model of absolutism.
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Known for optics, mathematics, and the his master work of mathematics and fundamental laws of physics.
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Served as a province between conflicting states.
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