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When Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was approaching his final days. He gathered all the Muslims with him who performed the final Hajj (Pilgrimage) at a place called Ghadir Khumm. He gave a long sermon In that sermon
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After Ali's Army defeated Kharijites at the Battle of Nahrawan, Later Ali ibn Abi Talib got assassinated by the Kharijite Ibn Muljam. By default Hasan ibn Ali got elected as the new Caliph but he handed the position to Mu'awiyah (Usthman's Cousin) which led to the beginning of the Ummayad Caliphate.
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In the year 752 ~ The Ummayyad dynasty was overthrown by another family known as the "Abbasids".
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The Abbasids move their capital from Kufa to Baghdad after 12 years. At it's peak, Baghdad became the world's centre of knowledge. It was the land of great scientific and culture advances. Baghdad also gave us the House of Wisdom (Bayt ul-Hikam).
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Haroon titled Al Rashid ("The Just", "The Orthodox", "The Rightly Guided") became the Caliph in year 786 and ruled till 809 ~ The peak of the Islamic Golden Age. He established the legendary library called the "House of Wisdom" (Bayt ul-Hikma).
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Haroon before dying due to illness he choose to split the empire in half so his two sons can rule equally. He denied the idea of choosing one son for the other as the Caliph so he decided to evenly distribute the empire so that both parties can live in peace and be independent of each other. But after his death civil war broke out in the caliphate between his two sons.
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The Battle was fought between the Buyid Emirate and the Hamdanid empire within the city of Baghdad. The battle lasted for several months but the buyids ended up being victorious. After their victory they expelled the hamdanidians and took full control of baghdad
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In the year 1258, Hulagu Khan entered Baghdad with his army and destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate
