World History-(Chris J.)

Early Mesopotamian Settlers (Fertile Crescent)

Period: 10,000 BCE to 500 BCE

Sumerians, Babylonians, Hitties and Kassites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians

First Mesopotamian Settler (Mesopotamia)

7000 BCE

Hunter-gatherer groups settled in Mesopotamia 12000 years ago and used the advantage of the silt brought from the Tigris and Euphrates R. to produce surplus in agriculture

Ancient Egypt and Kush

Period: 4500 BCE to 350 BCE

Egyptians and Kushites civilized near the Nile River

Egyptian Achievemants (Egypt)

3300 BCE

Inventions used by ancient Egyptians included the hieroglyphics (Egyptian writing system) that was translated by the discovery of the Rosetta Stone. Some famous ancient Egyptian architects are sphinxes, oblelisks, and large and decorated temples, the biggest one being the Temple of Karnak.

Geography of Ancient Egypt (Egypt)

3100 BCE

One of the main geography in Ancient Egypt was the Nile River. The Nile River was a river flowing from South to North into the Mediterranean Sea for 4000 miles. The floods of the Nile allowed silt to be used by the farmers to grow crops. First civilizations in Egypt happened from hunter-gatherer groups moving in and developing an irrigation system the resulted into villages that was ruled by rich farmers; Upper and Lower Egypt. They were unified later by Menes that was crowned later as Pharaoh.

Sumer-World's First Civilization (Discovered) (Sumer)

3000 BCE

The Sumerians (the first civilization) settled in Mesopotamia and established a country and called it Sumer and created an advanced society (city state [rual areas on the outsides and urban areas in the inside]). However, another society developed not far north from Sumer made by Akkadians. It was peaceful until an Akkadian ruler Sargon wanted to make Sumer as Akkadian territory and created the world's first empire after being successful in the invasion.

Sumer-Sumerian Achievements (In Sumer [Mesopotamia])

2360 BCE

A century after the emperor Sargon death, the Sumerians were able to regain their strength and invented the world's first writing system, the cuneiform. The cuneiform is similar to earlier writing communications that used pictographs, but symbols from the cuneiform could represent syllables or basic parts of a word. This invention resulted into making a new job called a scribe, a person who writes/records events and other things.

Indian Civilization

Period: 2300 BCE to 320

India had many religions develop such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and others.

The Old Kingdom (Egypt)

2200 BCE

The Old Kingdom was the starting reigns of Pharaohs, as they were considered as kings and gods. Egyptians believed all of Egypt belonged to their gods, but being a god (pharaoh) came with many responsibilities, such as the blame pharaohs received when bad things happened such bad harvest. Since the duties of Pharaohs increased, they hired government officials to help them. Burial practices at the time included mummification that are buried in pyramids or tombs for their journeys the Afterlife.

The Rise of Babylon (Near Present Iraq)

1792 BCE

Babylon was once a part of Sumer until it grew its government strong enough to become an individual country that was ruled by a monarch named Hammurabi. Hammurabi was famous for his creation of the Hammurabi's Code; a series of rules that deal with daily crimes. Hammurabi's rule lasted for 42 years, and Babylon's power declined after he died, and as they got weaker, a stronger kingdom in the Asia Minor was the Hitties who spotted this weakness.

Geography of Early India (India)

1700 BCE

India was filled with high mountains such as the Himalayas, great rivers, and heavy seasonal rain. Since India was so big, it is sometimes considered as a subcontinent. First civilizations that developed in India was the Harappans, who settled near the Indus River and left ruins of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, 2 large cities. After the Harappan civilization collapsed, a new group named the Aryans arrived in the Indus Valley and established governments and a settled society that spoke Sanskrit.

The Rule of the Hitties and Kassites (Near Present Turkey)

1595 BCE

Soon after the decline of Babylon, the Hitties used their military advantages of expert metalworking and the use of chariots to conquer Babylon. Unfortunately, their rule did not last long when their king was assasinated and plunged the kingdom into chaos. Afterwards, the Kassites, which was a kingdom who lived north of Babylon captured the city and ruled for almost 400 years.

Origins of Hinduism (India) *Some people disagreed to Hinduism, so they made other religions including Jainism and Sikhism

1400 BCE

During the Aryans' rule, Indian society was divided into a castle system with Brahmins at the top and Sudras at the lowest. Brahmins were at the top because they performed rituals for their gods. Brahmins were the priests of the religion which was Brahmanism. Inspired by the Vedas (what Brahmanism is based on), people from many kingdoms blended ideas and made the religion *Hinduism which is now the largest religion in India today. Hinduism included the ideas of karma and reincarnation.

The Middle and New Kingdoms (Egypt)

1050 BCE

Egypt had a chaotic moment when nobles fought against the gov. until it was unified again by the victory of Mentuhotep II but was scattered again by the successful invasion of the Hyksos. The New Kingdom began when Ahmose drove the Hyksos out and was declared king. To avoid more invasion, Egyptian leaders attacked lands that made attack routes to Egypt. The battles made them rich and gave more trade paths. Their wealth didn't last. Work and daily life varyed depending on a person's social class.

The Phoenicians (West of Fertile Crescent)

1000 BCE

The Phoenicians were at the western end of the Fertile Crescent and had an advantage in trade for their harbor included the Mediterranean Sea. Since they traded with so many cultures, the Pheonicians had the idea to make the world's first alphabets. They had a great military power.

The Conquest of the Assyrians (*They had iron weapons and chariots like the Hitties) (Mesopotamia)

900 BCE

The kingdom of Assaryia was originally in the northern part of Mesopotamia until they decided to invade Babylon. Although the invade was successful, it lasted shortly for it was overrun by other invaders, so this defeat took the Assaryians 300 years to regain their strength. Then after they reclaimed their strength, the Assaryrians were able to conquer all of the Fertile Crescent and even parts of the Asia Minor and Egypt. The key to the victory was their *army was very organized.

Chaldeans (Syrian Desert)

612 BCE

After the Assyrians' success, they had wars breaking out to determine who should rule. Sensing this weakness, the Chaldeans, a group from the Syrian Desert, attacked and were successful. The Chaldeans had a great leader named Nebuchadnezzar who was famous for his accomplishments including the Hanging Gardens and the improvement in astronomy.

Origins of Buddhism (India)

483 BCE

Buddhism started when a rich prince named Siddhartha Gautama questioned life and religious matters and was recorded that he meditated and fasted under a tree until the answers came to him (enlightenment). After Siddhartha described his ideas to several of his friends, the religion started spreading and challenged many other religion teachers and called Gautama the Buddha and the religion Buddhism. The religion spread throughout India and other countries through the work of missionaries.

Ancient Kush (Kush)

300

Kush/Nubia was a region South of Egypt that was able to civilize by the Nile. Since they were neighbors, Egypt and Kush traded a lot, but the Egyptians were fearful of the fact that Kush might get too strong and therefore conquered Kush. Since Egypt was so strong, Egyptian culture stuck with the Kushites during the 450 years of their reign. Egyptian leaders slowly weakened and Kushites were able to take back their independence.

Indian Empires (India) *Their rule ended in the middle of the 500s

500

The military leader Candragupta Maurya (C.M.) was the first Mauryan emperor that invaded all of northern India until he became a Jainist and passed his throne to his son who expanded the empire through central India as well. C.M.'s grandson, Asoka, was recorded as the strongest ruler among the other Mauryan rulers. After his death, the empire started to decline to an end. After their fall, a new Hindu dynasty of the *Guptas established in India and was at their peak when Candra Gupta II ruled.

Indian Achievements (India)

1700

Indians were great at creating religious art and made and decorated temples and made beautiful paintings and sculptures. The main language of the Aryans was Sanskrit, and wrote many types of literature with it such as religious epics and poetry. India were also able to proceed fields of metalworking, mathematics, science, and medicine. Famous inventions/discoveries were metallurgy, Hindu-Arabic numerals, and inoculation.

Modern Event -Malaysia -Laws

2017

Most of our modern laws were inspired by Hammurabi's Code

Modern Event - Egypt

2017

Influenced by the ancient Egyptians, the Washington Monument includes obelisks; Egyptian pillars used to decorate temples.

Modern Event - India

2017

Thanks to genius Indian mathematicians, many of the modern numbers used are based on an ancient Indian creation of the Hindu-Arabic numerals.