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An outbreak of a deadly disease that diminished Europe's population in the 14th century. The disease was transmitted through fleas on black rats.
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The revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th-16th centuries.
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In linear perspective parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer together or converge. This is used to measure depth.
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During the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453), the city of Orleans, France, ws besieged by English forces. Joan of Arc, a teenage French peasant, successfully led a French force to break the siege.
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Introduced printing to Europe. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the Printing Revolution and is widely regarded as the msot important event of the modern period.
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The wealthiest man of his time. Despite never holding office, he controlled Florence via his wealth and was the start of a dynasty that held power for centuries. Cosimo was an important patron of the Renaisance art.
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The Spanish Inquisition was a religious court established in Spain. It was responsible for the jailing, trial, torture, and execution of "heratics" mostly Jews accused of not completely converting to Catholicism.
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A famous painting in the 15th century. It depicts the goddess Venus, having emerged from the sea as a fully grown woman, arriving at the sea-shore.
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Christopher Columbus was a navigator that made four voyages to the Americas, with his first in 1492, which resulted in what is considered by European Americans as the Discovery of America.
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A late 15th century mural by Leanardo da Vinci. The painting represents the scene of The Last Supper of Jesus with his disciples.
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A cornerstone work of High Renaissance art. The ceiling is that of the large Papal Chapel built within the Vatican.
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The School of Athens is one of the most famous frescoes by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael.
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The Prince is a book written by Niccolò Machiavelli. It was written as a political handbook for rulers and has been used this way for many centuries.
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Utopia is a book written by Thomas More. It is a frame narrative primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, social and political customs.
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The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences written by Martin Luther. It protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences.
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Ivan the Terrible created a centrally controlled Russian state, imposed by military dominance. Many believed him to be mentally ill.
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Ignatius Loyola was a Spanish soldier who became a priest. He was an educated man and developed a following of other religious men, forming the Institute of the Society of Jesus.
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Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian.
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Henry VIII was king of England from 21 April 1509 until his death.
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Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who established that the earth and all the other planets revolve around the sun.
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On January 15th, 1559, England’s twenty-five-year-old sovereign left Whitehall to be crowned Queen. It was a day of stunning pageantry and ritual that was celebrated around the world and marked the beginning of a long and historic reign.
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The European wars of religion were a series of wars waged in Europe from ca. 1524 to 1697, all of these wars were strongly influenced by the religious change of the period, and the conflict and rivalry that it produced.
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An assassination of Huguenot Protestant leaders in Paris, setting off killings that results in the massacre of tens of thousands of Huguenots all across France.
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The Edict of Nantes was the law granting religious and civil liberties to the French Protestants
