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The native tribes in the central and estern parts of England were conquered by the Romans.
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Invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, Flemish, and French soldiers, all led by the Duke of Normandy later styled William the Conqueror. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England)
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Is a document guaranteeing English political liberties that was drafted at Runnymede, a meadow by the River Thames, and signed by King John on June 15, 1215, under pressure from his rebellious barons. (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Magna-Carta)
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A period of consensus and stability followed the accession to the throne of the Tudor king Henry VII.
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The Industrial Revolution began at the end of the seventeenth century, specifically in the machine-driven manufacturing processes made possible by the steam engine.
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Uniting the three nations under a single monarchy and legislative council.
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Landlords cleared the peasantry from the rural landscape to create fields enclosed by hedgerows and fences and began to derive profit from new, scientific methods of intensive agricultural production rather than relying the meager tithes and rents paid by peasant smallholders.
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The populations of Glasgow, Manchester, Liverpool, and Birmingham doubled or tripled and many major towns and cities grew up around mines, mills, smelting works, ports and railway junctions.
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Britain had the world's largest and most powerful navy, and within twenty years steam railways and steam-powered ships designed by British engineers were carrying passengers and cargo for profit, allowing British shipping companies to dominate world trade.
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Rapid industrialization caused overcrowding and disease; cholera epidemics provoked public unrest and forced the government to improve public health.
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It ended the political privileges of landed wealth by extending the vote to middle-class male heads of household.
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A separatist movement led to the dissolution of the Union of Great Britain and Ireland. Twenty-six of Ireland's thirty-two counties became the independent Irish Free State with six of the nine counties of Ulster remaining within the United Kingdom.
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The nation was in debt to the International Monetary Fund. The discovery of oil in the North Sea in the 1970s saved the country from bankruptcy and stimulated economic recovery.
