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Utman was assasinated and succeeded by Ali, who ha a more radical view of the Islamic faith. Under Ali, the soldiers of the Islamic Empire fought thorugh Egypt and North Africa.
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Sunni/Shia division resulted in the first Muslim civil war.
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Mu'awiyah then established himself as the first Umayyad Caliph.
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Ali was assasinated. Bitter religious and political struggle between Sunnis, and the followers of Ali, the Shiites. The Sunnis won, and established the Umayyad dynasty, its capital of Damascus in Syria.
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Capital to Damascus
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Umayyads ruled Mulsim Empire.
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Muslim Empire Expanded.
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Romans stopped Islamic attacks against Constantinople
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Assasination of Hussein at Karbala.
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Abd al-Malik (caliph) solved language problem by declaring Arabic official language across Empire.
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Completion of the Dome of the Rock.
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Coins standardized by wheight and appearance, used across empire.
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After Ali's death in 661 the armies continued and crossed the Straights of Gibraltar to attack Spain. Mulsims conquer the Iberian Peninsula. (Conquest of Spain took 7 years)
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Romans stopped Roman attacks again.
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Charles Martel (leader of the Franks), grandfather of Charlemagne, turned back a series of Islamic raids into France at the Battle of Tours.
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Defeat at the Battle of Tours in France by Charles Martel.
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Overthrown by Abbasid faction.
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The Abbasid faction from eastern Iran overthrows Umayyad dynasty.
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Rule of Abbasid-Seljuq Empire.
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Arabs won great battle against Chinese in 751 but border stayed about the same from then on.
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Arab defeat of chinese army introduces paper to the west.
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Cordoba established as Abd al Rahman's capital.
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Baghdad becomes the Abassid capital.
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Construction began on the Great Mosque of Cordoba.
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Reign of Al-Ma'mun, founder of the House of Wisdom
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Reign of Abd al-Rahman II.
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Death of Al Khwarizmi.
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Abd al-Rahman III takes the title of caliph.
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Shahnameh ("Book of Kings") was published.
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Ibn Sing's Canon of Medicine was written.
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End of Umayyad dynasty.
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Sejuq Turks gain control of Baghdad.
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Cruasdes (represents the four major Crusades, not the less important earlier and later religious wars).
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A Thousand and One Nights first compiled.
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Life of Ibn Rushd, Averroes.
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Saladin recaputures Jerusalem.
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Death of Maimonides.
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Mongols invade Baghdad , ending the Abbasid-Sejuq dynasty.
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Completion of Alhambra Palace in Granada.
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End of Muslim Rule in Spain.