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Maritime technology was advancing at this time. This was vital for exploration across the oceans.
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Military technology advanced greatly at this time. The invention of gunpowder revolutionized war and fighting.
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The Jesuits were a new branch of religion. It was a Catholic counterpart to Luther or Calvin. After attracting a following he was imprisoned for a short while on suspicion of hearsay.
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Luther began exploring the idea that forgiveness comes from God and his love. This can be received through faith, not money or good acts like the Catholic Church was teaching.
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Lutheranism took over the German states dividing them almost equally.
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These acts effectively separated England from the Catholic Church. This meant he could seize Catholic Land and wealth.
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During this time Catholics tried to get protestants to come back and join Christianity again. It wasn't until 1550 that they realized the divide was permanent.
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Although it lead to Spain's slow downfall, it was a monumental find at the time.
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Young men were able to gain a deep understanding of Catholic beliefs with professors that were able to be more one on one.
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Henry IV's death was a necessity for religious tolerance.