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Period: 500 BCE to 500
Classical Age of Antiquity
Time period of both the Greek and Roman Empires -
44 BCE
Julius Caesar dies marking the transition from the republic to empire
Julius Caesar was assassinated by his fellow Roman Senators such as Cassius, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, and Marcus Junius Brutus. They stabbed Julius Caesar to death in a location adjacent to the Theatre of Pompey on the Ides of March. -
5 BCE
Christ's Birth And The Beginning of Christianity
Virgin Mary gives birth to the son of God named Jesus in the city of Bethlehem. Three wise men traveled from a far eastern country to find the new king. The three wise men blessed the baby Jesus with gold, frankincense and myrrh. Later in Jesus's life, he formed a group of disciples (Baptized Believers) to help him form the march towards Christianity. -
Period: 330 to 1453
Byzantine Civilization
The Byzantine Empire was a vast and powerful civilization with origins that can be traced to 330 A.D., when the Roman emperor Constantine I started a “New Rome” on the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium. Though the western half of the Roman Empire fell in 476 A.D., the eastern half survived for 1,000 more years, spawning a rich tradition of art, literature and learning. The Byzantine Empire finally fell in 1453, after an Ottoman army stormed Constantinople during the reign of Constantine XI. -
476
Fall of Rome
Wave after wave of Germanic barbarian tribes raided the Roman Empire. In 476 A.D. Romulus, the last of the Roman emperors in the west, was overthrown by the Germanic leader Odoacer, who became the first Barbarian to rule in Rome. The order that the Roman Empire had brought to western Europe for 1000 years was no more. -
Period: 500 to 1500
Medieval Age
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610
Founding of Islam
The history of Islam deals with the political, economic, social, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization. The founder of Islam was Muhammed. Muhammad dictated the Qur'an (The holy book of Islam) which Muslims believe to be the preexistent, perfect words of Allah. Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century. -
Period: 1095 to 1291
The Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims with the goal to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. There was a total of eight major Crusade expeditions occurring between 1096 and 1291. The bloody, violent and ruthless war propelled the status of European Christians, making them major players in the fight for land in the Middle East. -
Period: 1300 to
The Renaissance
The French definition of Renaissance is "rebirth". This period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages led to the surge of interest in the study of language and literature. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the advancement of technology such as printing, the mariner’s compass, and gunpowder. It was mostly a time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom. -
Period: 1347 to 1350
The Black Death
The Black Death was a tragic bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s. The plague arrived in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port. Most of the sailors aboard the ships were dead, and those still alive were very ill and covered in black boils that oozed blood and pus. Authorities quickly ordered the ships out of the harbor, but it was too late. Over the next five years, the plague killed more than 20 million people in Europe. -
Period: 1400 to
Renaissance Reformation and Revolution
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1440
Invention of the Printing Press
The inventor of the first printing press was Johannes Gutenberg. He established himself as a goldsmith and craftsman in Strasbourg, Germany. In Strasbourg, Gutenberg first began experimenting with both xylography and the development of a more efficient method of printing. The first printing press allowed for an assembly line-style production process that was much more efficient than pressing paper to ink by hand. -
1492
Columbus Discovers America
The explorer Christopher Columbus made four trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain in 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502. He wanted to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. Instead, he accidentally stumbled upon the Americas. He did not really discover the New World because millions of people already lived there. His journeys marked the beginning of centuries of oceanic conquest and colonization. -
1497
Portuguese Sail Around India
A Portuguese nobleman named Vasco da Gama sailed from Lisbon in 1497 on a mission to reach India and open a sea route from Europe to the East. After sailing the western coast of Africa and rounding the Cape of Good Hope, his expedition made numerous stops in Africa before reaching the trading post of Calicut, India, in May 1498. Da Gama received a hero’s welcome back in Portugal. -
Period: 1500 to
Age of Exploration
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1517
Martin Luther's 95 Theses During The Reformation
Martin Luther spent his early years in relative anonymity as a monk and scholar, but in 1517 Luther pinned a document attacking the Catholic Church’s corrupt practice of selling “indulgences” for forgiveness of sin. His 95 Theses stated two central beliefs. One that the Bible is the central religious authority and two, that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds. This was the spark of the Protestant Reformation. -
Oct 31, 1517
Division of Christianity between Protestant and Catholic
On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther published his groundbreaking "95 Theses" of criticism of the Catholic Church. His bold challenge to the powerful Church created shock waves that eventually changed the face of Christianity. -
1550
Scientific Revolution
The "Scientific Revolution" refers to the historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organizations, that unfolded in Europe between roughly 1550-1700. This started with a man named Nicholas Copernicus who asserted a heliocentric cosmos, and ended with Isaac Newton, who proposed universal laws and a Mechanical Universe. -
God-rights->People-power->Government
This was a belief called the "Divine right of Kings". King James I of England was the King who started the divine right of kings, but the doctrine virtually disappeared from English politics after the Glorious Revolution. -
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which owned properties, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. While industrialization brought an advancement in many things, it also resulted in often hard employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes. -
Political Revolution of American And French
The American Revolution was caused by a majority of the America population becoming unhappy because of how the British were ruling them. Both the American and French Revolutions were focused around liberty and equality. Both countries were trying to gain freedom. America was trying to gain freedom from the rules and taxes put upon them by Great Britain. Whereas the French wanted to abolish the French monarchy and create a better government in which the people could have more of a say in society. -
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Industrialization To Imperialism
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Colonization of Africa
Between the 1870s and 1900, Africa faced European imperialist aggression, diplomatic pressures, military invasions, and eventual conquest and colonization. At the same time, African societies put up various forms of resistance against the attempt to colonize their countries and impose foreign domination. -
Berlin Conference
The Berlin Conference was a meeting at which the major European powers negotiated and formalized claims to territory in Africa; also called the Berlin West Africa Conference. -
Connection of Industrialization And Imperialism To World Wars
Lommel and Steinkopf were 2 German scientists that wanted a poisonous weapon that would harm other soldiers. The gases that were used were chlorine, phosgene and benzyl bromide. This relates to industrialization because Germany used chlorine in 1915 against British troops. Also in the battle of Britain, Germany is bombing English cities in order to take control of more land and thats how this relates to Imperialism. -
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World Wars
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World War I
World War I began in 1914, after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and lasted until 1918. During the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United States. Thanks to new military weapons and war tactics, World War I saw large levels of carnage and destruction. By the time the war was over more than 16 million people such as soldiers and civilians alike were dead. -
Russian Bolshevik Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1917 was one of the largest political events of the twentieth century. The violent revolution marked the end of the Romanov dynasty and centuries of Russian Imperial rule. During the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks, led by leftist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, seized power and destroyed the tradition of Csarist rule. The Bolsheviks would later become the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. -
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World War II
World War II was the most widespread and deadliest war in history, involving more than 30 countries and resulting in more than 50 million military and civilian deaths with some estimates as high as 85 million dead. Due to Adolf Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939, the war would drag on for six deadly years until the final Allied defeat of both Nazi Germany and Japan in 1945. -
European Imperialism Collapses
European imperialism collapsed internally when nations resisted Germany's effort to take them over. Externally it collapsed when colonies rebelled against the treatment by the mother country and sought freedom. -
Formation of the United Nations
A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II with the aim of preventing another massive conflict such as the war. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. -
IBRD World Bank
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is a global development cooperative owned by 189 member countries. As the largest development bank in the world, it supports the World Bank Group’s mission by providing loans, guarantees, risk management products, and advisory services to middle-income and creditworthy low-income countries, as well as by coordinating responses to regional and global challenges. -
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. -
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Cold War
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Building a Global Community
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Partition of India
In August 1947, British India won its independence from the British and split into two new states that would rule themselves. The new countries were India and Pakistan. East Pakistan has since become Bangladesh. -
Communism wins the Chinese Civil War
On October 1, 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The announcement ended the costly full-scale civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang. -
NATO and Warsaw Alliances formed
In 1949, the further Communist expansion prompted the United States and 11 other Western nations to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Soviet Union and its affiliated Communist nations in Eastern Europe founded a rival alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. -
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Korean and Vietnam Wars
The Korean War started in June, 1950 and ended in March 1953. At the time, Korea was a divided country. The Communists were in the north and the non-communists were in the south. The United States tried to help unite the country. However, at the end of the war there were no real winners. The country today is still divided into two. -
Fall of Soviet Union USSR
In December of 1991, as the world watched in amazement, the Soviet Union disintegrated into fifteen separate countries. Its collapse was hailed by the west as a victory for freedom, a triumph of democracy over totalitarianism, and evidence of the superiority of capitalism over socialism. The United States rejoiced as its formidable enemy was brought to its knees, thereby ending the Cold War which had hovered over these two superpowers since the end of World War II -
World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. -
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Africa forms modern nations
In an effort to propose a paradigm of growth for Africa, many recent studies have called attention to how African countries have witnessed strong growth in the 2000s by making developed nations such as Seychelles, Libya, and Mauritius.
