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The Encyclopédie
In the second half of the 18th century phylosophers and scientists collaborated on the development of the Encyclopédie. It was created to help spread knowledge among an educated public and it contained ideas about science and literature. -
Industrial Revolution Beginning
The Industrial revolution was a series of interconnected changes or parallel revolutions driven by innovation, which led to a great agricultural, demographic, technological, transport, trade and finantial changes. -
Watt's steam engine
Watt's more efficient steam engine helped develop transport and industry in the 19th century. -
Independence of the USA
The American colonies go to war (against Britain) because they were unhappy with Britain for not allowing them to send representatives to Parliament and for imposing commercial monopolies and taxes. To strengthen its position against Britain they drafted the United States Declaration of Independence (4th of July 1776). In 1789 George Washington became the first president of USA. -
French Revolution
The French Revolution was an event that marked the beginning of the late modern period. Its classified into three phases:
- First phase: the creation of a constitutional monarchy, which gave more rights to citizens, taxed the nobility and sold off church lands.
- Second phase: the establishment of a republic controlled by the girondin convention, later the more extreme jacobins took control and introduced the Reing of Terror.
- Third phase: the moderate bourgeoisie took over. -
Napoleon Empire
Napoleon aspired to implement moderate ideologies of the French Revolution, end political instability and promote enconomic recovery through authoritarian rule, also Napoleons family members or army generals ruled over most of Europe.
All this happened after the dissolution of the first French republic (1804) -
The War of Independence
Angered by the French occupation, a popular revolt began in Madrid on 2 of May 1808. It spread rapidly across the country and started the War of Independence. In December 1813, French signed the Treaty of Valençay. They withdrew from Spain and returned the crown to Ferdinand VII. -
Spanish-American independence
The crisis of the Ancien Régime coincided with the independence movement of the American colonies. Uprisings were organised by the criollo bourgeoisie, who saw Spain as an obstacle to the development of their economy. This caused profound damage to Spain's economy and the loss of its colonial prestige. -
Luddism
Luddism was a movement led by English artisans in the 19th century, who protested between 1811 and 1816 against new machines that destroyed jobs. -
The constitution of Cádiz
Representatives of the Juntas throughout the country (most of them liberals), met in Cádiz. The Constitution adopted in 1812 established national sovereignty, the separation of powers, individual male suffrage and recognised general individual freedoms. -
Viena congress
The Congress of Vienna was the first of a series of international meetings. The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace. -
Ferdinand VII
When the French troops withdrew in 1814, Ferdinand VII returned to Spain. He re-established absolutism, persecuted liberals and repealed the Salic Law. -
Revolution of 1820
The revolutions of 1820 was the beginning of the end of the absolutism and the Ancien Régime in Europe, they were nationalist movements based on the achievement of a liberal state, without depending on a king who concentrated all absolute power. -
The Liberal Triennium
In 1820 a pronunciamiento led by Colonel Rafael del Riego in cabezas de San Juan was successful, and the king was forced to reinstate the Constitution of 1812. Also, the National Militia (made up of armed liberal volunteers) was created to defend the Constitution and oppose absolutism. -
First trade unions
The repeal of the laws prohibiting workers associations in England in 1824 led to the creation of the first official trade unions, which united workers in the same field. -
Stephenson's Locomotive
The Stephenson's Locomotive was one of the first steam locomotives with a 0-2-2 wheel arrangement. -
Revolution of 1830
The Revolution of 1830, began in France, mainly as a reaction against the antiliberal measures adopted by the king Carlos X. -
Isabella II
The building of the liberal state began in Spain when Isabella II was a child. The reing of Isabella as an adult consisted of the Moderate Decade and the Progressive Biennium. Also, the Liberal Union was created and new political groups, such as the democrats and the republicans were born. -
Revolution of 1848
The revolution of 1848, also known as the Spring of Nations is significant because they demonstrated the emergence of democratic ideals and also the importance of workers as a political force. Democrats defended the principle of popular sovereignty that allowed all men to vote regardless of their wealth (this is the universal male suffrage). -
Italian unification
The Italian unification was a process that led to the union of the various states into which the Italian peninsula was divided. In 1861 Victor Manuel II of Savoy was proclaimed king of Italy, five years later Austria left Venetia, and in 1870 the Papal States were annexed by Italy and the newly unified state established its capital in Rome. -
Communist Manifesto
The Communist Manifesto is a text that reflects the previous bases of marxism, including the materialist conception of history, the class struggle and the conflicts of the capitalist mode of production. -
First International
It was an organization founded from London in 1864 that brought together English trade unionists, French and Italian republican anarchists and socialists. -
German unification
The first moves towards a united Germany were made as Wilhelm I that became king of Prussia and made Ottovon Bismarck chancellor. Prussia declared war on Denmark, on Austria and on France, and was victorious in all three wars, making the unification of Germany possible. -
The first republic
When Amadeo I abdicated in February 1873, the Cortes voted to form a republic. However, most of the deputies were monarchists and did not support the new form of goverment. Anyway the republic was accepted almost without debate. -
The Bourbon restoration
The restoration of the Bourbon monarchy began in 1874, when the General Martinez Campos proclaimed Isabella II's son, Alfonso XII, king of Spain. -
bloody sunday
It began as a protest by Russian industrial workers who endured low wages, poor conditions and awful treatment from employers. This demostration of factory workers was brutally put down by Russian soldiers, that killed over 200 people by rifle fire. And because of all of this deaths, this event became known as bloody sunday. -
balkan wars
The balkan wars were two conflicts that "announced" the begining of the ww1. In the first balkan war a loose alliance of balkan states eliminated the Ottoman Empire from most of Europe. And in the second balkan war the erstwhile allies fought among themselves for the Ottoman spoils -
First World War
The first world war was an international conflict that began 6-7 days after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. It began on 28th July 1914 and ended on 11 November 1918 -
february revolution
The february revolution, also known as the Russian revolution was the first revolution which took place in Russia in 1917. The main cause of this event was Russia's involvement in World War I. -
october revolution
The october revolution was the second phase of the Russian revolution in 1917. One of the main causes of this revolution was the food shortages and the military inadequate supplies. -
treaty of brest-litovsk
It was a separate treaty signed on March 3, 1918. This treaty ended Russia's participation in World War I. Also, in this treaty, Russia recognized the independence of Ukraine, Finland and Georgia, gave up Poland and the Baltic states of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia to Germany and ceded Ardahan, Kars and Batum to Turkey. -
treaty of versailles
The treaty of Versailles is one of the most controversial treaties in history. It forced the Central Powers (such as Germany and others) to take all the blame for the world war I. Which meant loss of territories, reparation payments to allied powers and reduction in military forces. -
league of nations
The league of nations was an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1920 to maintain world peace after the First World War. -
Second World War
The second world war was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 and it included the vast majority of the world's countries. -
Operation Barbarossa
The Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and most of its Axixs allies, starting on Sunday 22 June 1941 (during WW2) -
attack on pearl harbour
This was a military attack by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the naval base of the USA, called Pearl Harbor. Although it failed on its objective to completely destroy the Pacific Fleet. -
The atomic bomb of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, who killed over 200.000 citizens -
united nations
its an international organization that maintains international peace and security, developing friendly relations between nations and promoting social progress -
universal declaration of human rights
a historic document which outlined the rights and freedoms everyone is entitled to.