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The first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany
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He led two unsuccessful wars against Sweden and brought disaster upon his country by leading it into the Thirty Years’ War.
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King of Spain and Portugal during their decline as great world powers and he is remembered for his failed struggle to revive Spain's prominence during the Thirty Years War.
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The King of France from 1610 to 1643. Under his reign, France became a leading European power.
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He laid the foundations of the modern Swedish state and made it a major European power.
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A belligerent and ruthless monarch elected as an heir to the Hapsburgs but was briefly deposed in 1619-20 by the Bohemian Protestants
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The Bohemian Diet elected Ferdinand II and Calvinists were alarmed and revolted. However, with the help of Maximilian I of Bavaria, Ferdinand II regained the throne and the period ended with a Hapsburg and Catholic victory.
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Two Catholic Imperial officials and their secretary are thrown out of the Prague Castle's window by the Bohemian Protestant nobles who are insisting on religious freedom granted to them by the Letter of Majesty.
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This was a battle fought near Prague in Bohemia. The battle marked the first major victory of the Roman Catholic Habsburgs over the Protestant Union. Constitutional rule ended and an authoritarian government was established in Bohemia and neighboring countries.
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Called "the Great", he was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Began after Bohemia was defeated. Protestants began to realize the danger they were facing and the King Christian IV of Denmark tried to help them. However, he signed the Treaty of Lubeck which thus ended the Danish Period.
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A treaty that effectively ended Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War. It was signed by Albrecht von Wallenstein, Christian IV of Denmark, and Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor
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Gustavus Adolphus entered the war. He had two reasons for entering this war; He believed int the Protestant Cause, and feared Emperor Ferdinand would become too powerful. This was the first time a political issue entered the war. Adolphus died in 1632 and his army slowly dissipated.
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A battle fought by the Swedes to help their North German allies against the forces of the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II.
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The war lost its religious character and has come to be political. Cardinal Richelieu, the real ruler of France, wanted to block the growth of Hapsburg power by interfering on the Protestant side. In 1635, Richelieu marched the French army into Germany and joined with the Swedish army. They won a series of victories, that gave new hope to the Protestants in Germany.
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The treaty ended the Austro-Prussian War and weakened the German princes. It was lenient toward the Austrian Empire.
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A series of treaties which brought to an end the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War
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A peace treaty between Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain that ended the Franco-Spanish War