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Sep 25, 1555
The Peace of Augsburg
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Treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League. Officially ended the religious struggle.It allowed the Holy Roman Empire's states' princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism -
Period: Apr 12, 1577 to
King Christian IV of Denmark
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Christian IV is maybe the best known Danish king in history. That is so because of the numerous magnificent buildings that he left like the Frederiksborg Castle and the Round Tower. He also supported some districts and towns like Christianshavn and Fredericia. However, during the last years of his reign the country suffered an economic decline, several military defeats, and a decrease of the authority. -
Period: to
Maximilian I of Bavaria
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As a Duke of Bavaria Maximillian I recovered the debt-ridden Bavaria. He also rewrote the law code, gained military authority, and strengthened the control over his lands and the church. However, he was a true Catholic and tried to impose the religion on the Bavarians. This resulted in Protestant reforms and rebellions which did great damage on Bavaria. -
Period: to
Cardinal Richelieu
SourceHe was a French clergyman,who rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, later becoming a cardinal and King Louis XIII's chief minister. -
Period: to
Louis XIII of France
SourceHe was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as king when the crown of Navarre was merged to the French crown. He also relied heavily on his chief ministers, Cardinal Richelieu, to govern the kingdom of France. -
Period: to
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
SourceHe was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632 and is credited as the founder of Sweden as a Great Power. Brought Sweden great victories in the Thirty Year War, kept the political balance in Europe -
Period: to
Ferdinand of Styria
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Ferdinand of Styria was the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Bohemia. He is a member of the Habsburg family and a true Catholic. He wanted to convert Bohemia to Catholicism and persecuted the Protestants. His actions made the Bohemians reject him as a king and led to the Bohemian Revolt. This revolt, however, provoked Ferdinand and resulted in years of decline for Bohemia. -
Period: to
The Bohemian Period
SourceThe period was a revolt that started in Prague when two royal officers where thrown of a window by protestants of the Bohemian diet. -
Defenestration of Prague
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There were two Defenestration, both were incidents. The first one involved the killing of seven members of the city council by a crowd of radical Czech Hussites while the second one precipitated the Thirty Years' War. -
Battle of White Mountain
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The battle marks the beginning of the counter-reformation and the Thirty Year War. It also Influenced the fate of the Czech lands for the next 300 years. -
Period: to
Philip IV of Spain
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He is remembered for his patronage of the arts and his rule over Spain during the challenging period of the Thirty Years' War. He increased Spain's teriotry immensely. -
Period: to
The Danish Period
Source This period started after Bohemia was defeated. Some protestant countries began to realize that they are in danger. The king of Denmark, Christian IV(who was protestant), supported by a few other countries, challenged Ferdinands forces at Saxony. The Emperor Ferdinand recieved help from General Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein, whose army consisted of hired soldiers. The Danish king was defeated several times. -
Treaty of Lubeck
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Signed in Lubneck, the treaty ended the Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War. It restored Denmarks pre-war territory -
Period: to
The Swedish Period
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The king of Sweeden,Gustavus Adolphus, enters a war because of political reasons. He believed in the protestant cause and he feared that Emperor Ferdinand would become too powerful. -
Battle of Lutzen
Source
This battle is one of the most determinant battles in the Thirty Years War. It was a victory for the Protestants and ended the Catholic threat to Saxony, but it cost them a vital leader - the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf. After his death the Protestant campaign lost focus and direction. -
Period: to
The French Period
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This was a period during which France declared a war on Spain and took over the province of Alsace from the Holy Roman Empire. The war with Spain was a success for France and enabled the French to send more and bigger military forces to Germany. Cardinal Richelieu was a key figure during this period. -
The Treaty of Prague
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The treaty was between the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand II and the Electorate of Saxony. It put an end to the Austro - Prussian War and weakened the power of the German princes. Nevertheless, the combat actions were not stopped over Europe. Moreover, the Prussian Kingdom was strengthened and became a major power in Germany. -
The Peace of Westphalia
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This was a series of several peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the cities of Münster and Osnabrück. This event marked the end of the Thirty Years War. Moreover it involved many leaders and countries. -
Treaty of the Pyrenees
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This treaty put an end to the war between France and Spain which took place between 1635 and 1659. It was signed on the Pheasant Island which is on the Franco-Spanish border. Cardinal Mazarin and Don Luis de Haro represented the kings of their countries, Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain, respectively. The treaty gave a lot of political advantage to the French people.