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Sep 25, 1555
Peace of Augsburg
Source
It brought temporary peace to the religious wars between Roman Catholic and Lutheran Churches, but it did not recognize Calvinism as an official religion. It was broken by the start of the Thirty Years' War. -
Period: Apr 17, 1573 to
Maximilian I of Bavaria
Source
He is first a duke of Bavaria, but then became the elector, and a champion of the Roman Catholic Side from the 30 Years War. -
Period: to
King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Source
He succeeded the throne from his father when he was 17. He entered the 30 Years War in order to get Sweden out of poverty, which works because he lays the foundation of modern Sweden and made it a leading world power. -
Period: to
King Christian IV of Denmark
Source He is the king of Denmark and Norway, and led unsuccessful wars against Sweden, which brought to the beginning of the 30 Years War. -
Period: to
Philip IV of Spain
Source
He reigns during the Thirty Years War and because of his chief minister, Spain begins war with the Dutch and France as well. This leads to the decline of Spain as a great world power. -
Period: to
Cardinal Richelieu & King Louis XIII
Source The king and his chief minister, the Cardinal de Richelieu, cooperated closely to make France a leading European power. Richelieu became a leading power in the government and escalated the tensions between France and the Hasburgs during the Thirty Years' War. -
Period: to
Ferdinand of Styria as king of Bohemia
Source
He is from Graz, Styria and becomes king of Bohemia, and the Holy Roman Emperor. He was the leading champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation and of absolutist rule during the Thirty Years’ War.
In 1617 he was firstly elected for the Bohemian King by the Diet, but then was deposed by the Protestant Diet. After becoming the HRE, he confiscated Bohemia and forcibly converted it to Catholicism. -
Period: to
Bohemian Period
Source -- Ferdinand II (the Holy Roman Emperor)
-- the Catholic League (Maximilian of Bavaria)
-- Spain VS -- the Palatinate (Frederick V)
-- England, France, the Netherlands Ferdinand II revoked the religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants. They responded with the Defenestration of Prague. It escalated into an international war. By 1622, Ferdinand re-Catholicizes Bohemia. -
Defenestration of Prague
Source
It is one of the opening phases of the Thirty Years War. It began when the Catholic official in Bohemia closed down the Protestant Churches, leading to an assembly of the Protestants in Prague. There the guilty were thrown out of the window of the council room of the Prague Castle. This action acted as a signal for the beginning of the Bohemian revolt against the Bohemian king. -
Battle of White Mountain
Source A battle fought near Prague, Bohemia that marked the first major victory of Roman Catholics over the Protestant union in Germany. It allowed them to establish an authoritarian regime. -
Period: to
Danish Period
Source
There was fear among Protestants that Ferdinand II intended to re-conquer and re-Catholicize the whole empire.
1. the Lutheran king Christian IV of Denmark was persuaded by the English, French, and the Dutch to become Protestant. He was quickly defeated by Maximilian and retreated into Denmark. Ferdinand reestablished himself with the Edict of Restitution. Catholicism rules. Resistance quickly forms. -
Treaty of Lubeck
Source A treaty between the king of Denmark and Norway and the Hasburgs. It signifies the end of the Danish period. -
Period: to
Swedish Period
Source Ferdinand II (the Holy Roman Emperor) VS Gustavus Adolphus (the king of Sweden), France, the Netherlands --Battle of Breitenfeld (1630): Gustavus reversed the course of the war --Battle of Lutzen (1632)
1. Adolphus died
2. Created a brief standstill in the war --Peace of Prague (1635)
1. The German Protestant states reached a compromise with Ferdinand
2. The Swedes refused to join the agreement -
Battle of Lutzen
Source A battle fought by the Swedes to help their North German allies against the forces of the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II. The Swedish king Gustavus ll Adolphus lost his life in it. -
Period: to
French Period
Source
The Swedish, the French, and the
Spanish run amok in Germany -- The French openly entered the war in 1635, sending men and munitions to the Swedes.
-- For thirteen years, Germany was ravaged and looted by Spanish, Swedish, and French soldiers.
-- The Treaty of Westphalia: brought all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire to an end. -
Treaty of Prague
Source It ended the Astro-Prussian War, and weakened the German states. Despite that it stopped the conflict between the states, and put the conflicts due to religion to an end. -
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Treaty of Pyrenees
Source It's a peace treaty between the king of France and the king of Spain that ended the warfare between the two kingdoms during the late years of the 30 Years War because of the lack of alliance form the Holy Roman Emperor, who was in alliance with the German Princes.
