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The first time Lutheranism and Catholicism coexisted in Germany. The state princes could select either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their domain. Thus, the conflict between the two groups was officially ended.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg) -
He led his country into the Thirty Years' War by losing two wars against Sweden. He also promoted shipping, trade and architecture.
(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christian-IV) -
King Louis XIII wanted to make France a leading European power.
Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister of King Louis XIII, aimed to established the royal absolutism in France and to end the Spanish-Habsburg hegemony in Europe.
Together they established the Académie française, and ended the revolt of the French nobility.
(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XIII) -
He is considered one of the greatest military commanders of all time because of his innovation of combined arms. Further, he made Sweden a modern state and major European power.
(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustav-II-Adolf) -
He catholicized Bohemia by force and confiscated the property of the magnates who rebelled. He also preserved the federalism in Austria, promoted the Counter-Reformation and created an independent Austrian court chancellery.(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-II-Holy-Roman-emperor)
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This was an incident of Bohemian resistance to Habsburg authority which marked the beginning of a Bohemian revolt against the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II. The Roman Catholic officials in Bohemia violated the guarantees of religious liberty by closing the Protestant chapels, constructed by citizens of the towns of Broumov and Hrob.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Defenestration-of-Prague-1618) -
The period started with the Defenestration of Prague caused by the Calvinist revolt. Emperor Ferdinand II worked with Maximilian I of Bavaria, the leader of Catholic League, and invaded Bohemia. Frederick V lost the Battle of White Mountain and fled to Holland, leaving the throne of Bohemia in the hands of Emperor Ferdinand II, and Maximilian of Bavaria got the Palatinate. The Bohemian period ended with a victory for Hapsburg and Catholics.
(http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/thirtyyearswar.html) -
The battle happened near Prague in Bohemia. It was the first major victory of the Roman Catholic Habsburgs over the Protestant Union, a military alliance among the Protestant states of Germany. Thus, the constitutional rule in Bohemia was ended by the house of Habsburg; and an authoritarian government that survived for three centuries was established.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-White-Mountain) -
He was a great patron of the arts, who supported the artists like Diego Velázquez, He expanded the Spanish Empire to around 12.2 million square kilometers in area.
(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-IV-king-of-Spain-and-Portugal) -
The Danish period began when King Christian I, the Lutheran ruler of Denmark opposed to Ferdinand II by supporting Protestantism in 1625. Ferdinand and Albrecht von Wallenstein won against Christian in 1626 and had control over the duchy of Holstein. The rebels in Prague chose a new king, Frederick V, a Calvinist. He helped the Bohemian rebels, and the Danish period ended like the Bohemian period, with a Hapsburg and Catholic victory.
(http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/thirtyyearswar.html) -
The Treaty of Lubeck took place in 1629 and it gave back Holstein to Christian IV, but the Danish king restored it with the promise not to intervene any more in the German conflict by formally withdrawing from the war.
(https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peace-of-Lubeck) -
The new Protestant leader was the Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus. Catholic France and Protestant Sweden fought against the Catholic Hapsburgs. The Swedes had a few noble victories, including the Battle of Lutzen, but there they lost their King. The Swedes lost from the emperor’s army at Nordlingen.The deaths of both Gustavus and Wallenstein ended the Swedish period.
(http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/thirtyyearswar.html) -
The battle was between the Swedes, who were helping their North German allies and the forces of the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II. The Protestants won, but Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden, who was the most important leader of the Protestant alliance, lost his life. This caused the Protestant campaign to lose direction.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Lutzen) -
The French period started with the direct intervention of the French in the war. Cardinal Richelieu wanted to weaken the power of the Hapsburgs, plotted against Philip IV and wanted the province of Alsace. The Holy Roman Empire and Bavaria were winning against the Swedes and German Protestants, but when France won against Spain, the French sent more forces to Germany in order to help them. The Peace of Westphalia ended the war.
(http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/thirtyyearswar.html) -
After the tragic deaths of Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein, both the Holy Roman Emperor and the German Protestant princes were exhausted of the fight. This led to the end of the Swedish period of the Thirty Years’ War. The Treaty of Prague took place in 1635 and was responsible for the strengthening of the Hapsburgs and weakening of the power of the German princes.
(http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-thirty-years-war/the-peace-of-prague/) -
The Peace of Westphalia ended the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War. Sweden, France, and their allies extended their territories.
Thus, the United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Swiss Confederation became independent republics.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Westphalia) -
The Treaty of the Pyrenees ended the Franco-Spanish War of 1648–59. It also marked the beginning of French hegemony in Europe. The treaty was signed by Philip IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France, who later became the most powerful of European monarchs.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-the-Pyrenees) -
He increased the size of his territories by controlling his own accounts and affairs himself. He was also self-proclaimed as the leader of the German Catholics. (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilian-I-duke-of-Bavaria)
