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Problems in the religious connit in the German states. Recognized only Lutherans and Roman Catholics, but Calvinism made it's way in too. The Calvinists started demanding for their rights. It started in the Kingdom of Bohemia ruled by Hapsburg, it was the origin of the thirty years wars coinflict,
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Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, started the Danish Period by supporting the Protestants against king Ferdinand. He was also duke of Holstein. He was defeated by Ferdinand II and Tilly which lead to him loosing the duchy of Holstein. Later he received it back because of the Treaty of Lubeck and then he stopped dealing with the Germans.
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Supported Ferdinand II against Bohemia which acquired him the Palatinate.
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Cardinal Richelieu was the chief minister of King Louis XIII of France. They wanted to weaken the power of the Hapsburgs and the province of Alsace from the Holy Roman Empire. Richelieu was also having problems with Spain and king Philip IV. Richelieu died in 1642.
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King of Sweden, signed peace with France. Died in the Battle of Lutze where Wallenstein attacked the Swedes.
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Between 1617 and 1619, Ferdinand of Styria was king of Bohemia and 2 years later he became king of the Holy Roman Empire, renamed to Ferdinand II, but was still king of Bohemia.
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The beggining of the Calvnist revolt. Two Catholics from the Bohemian royal were thrown out of the window from seventy feet, although they survived, it was enough to start a war.
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Ferdinand of Styria king of Bohemia, 2 years later he became Holy Roman emperor. Then renamed to Ferdinand II, support of catholicism. He was the reason for Calvinist revolt. 2 catholic members thrown out of a window. Ferdinand II and Maximilian I captured Bavaria from Frederick V, Ferdinand was king of Bohemia and Maximilian was king of Palatinate again.
Hapsburg and Catholic victory -
Roman Empire troops and Bavari commanded by Baron Tilly invaded Bohemia by defeating Frederick V near Prague.
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Had a short conflict with Cardinal Richelieu, but after The Peace of Westphalia, he married his daughter to King Louis XIV of France.
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King Christian IV (ruler of Denmark, prince of the Holy Roman Empire and duke of Holstein) supported the protestants against Ferdinand II. Albrecht von Wallenstein and Ferdinand with an army of 500 000 defeated Christian and took control of the duchy of Holstein. The rebels took control of Prague and there was new calvinist king, Frederick V. Holstein to Christian IV again.
Hapsburg and Catholic victory -
Restored the duchy of Holstein to Christian IV, but he decided to not mess with the Germans anymore.
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France and Sweden allies against Hapsburgs. Tilly, the imperial commander, died in 1632. In 1632(Battle of Lutzen) the Swedes defeated Wallenstein, but Gustavus Adolphus was killed in the battle. While negotiating with Sweden and Germany, Wallenstein got killed.
Defeat of the Swedes at Nordlingen in southern Germany -
Called by emperor Ferdinand II, Wallenstein created a new army and fought with the Swedes where he got defeated, but managed to kill Gustavus Adolphus.
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Cardinal Richelieu wanted to attack Hapsburg tand capture the province of Alsace from the Holy Roman Empire. He was also against Philip IV, Spain. The Holy Roman Emperor with the help of the king of Bavaria and others went against the Swedes and German Protestants. France won over Spain and sent all their troops in Germany. Emperor Ferdinand II died and got replaced by his son Ferdinand III. One year peace and then Cardinal Richelieu died in 1642 and then Bavaria got occupied in 1646 by France.
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Ended the thirty years war, Sweden acquired western Pomerania, Brandenburg received Eastern Pomerania and France got part of Alsace and some other smaller territories. The peace of Augsburg included Calvinists too. Hapsburg Spain was isolated. France most powerfull in Europe.
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The war between France and Spain ended when Treaty of the Pyrenees and France received part of the Spanish Netherlands and a small territory in northern Spain. King Philip IV of Spain married his daughter to King Louis XIV of France.
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The Treaty of Prague included the deaths of Wallenstein and Gustavus Adolphus and the exhaustion of the Roman emperor and German princes which all together ended the Swedish period of the war. This strengthened the Hapsburgs and weakened the German princes.
