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Sep 25, 1555
The Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg was the first legal document, which allowed the coexistence of both Lutherans and Catholics in Germany. Though it made no mention of other religions such as Calvinism. [https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg] -
Period: to
King Christian IV of Denmark
King Christian was a member of the Lutheran Church and fought against the Catholic League. Although Denmark and Sweden had a common enemy, they battled each other for dominance of the Baltic Sea. In the end he was forced to make peace with King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and give him all of Norway. [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christian-IV] -
Period: to
Cardinal Richelieu King Louis XIII
He was King of France (1610-1643) and of Navarre from 1610 until 1620 when Navarre’s crown was joined with the one of France. During the 30 years war there was uncertainty which side should France take since his father was a leader of Huguenot, but Louis XIII was strictly raised according to Catholic traditions. [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XIII] -
Period: to
King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Set the foundations of the modern Swedish state and because of him Sweden became an European powen. He had three wars waiting for him when he ascended the throne (inherited from his father): against Denmark, Russia and Poland. [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustav-II-Adolf] -
Period: to
Ferdinand of Styria as king of Bohemia
He was a Catholic archduke of Styria, who rose to king of Bohemia and finally Holy Roman Emperor. As his protestant subjects rebelled against his reign, Bohemia was in a state of a religious civil war. [http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-thirty-years-war/ferdinand-of-styria/] -
Period: to
The Bohemian Period
The Bohemian ruler was determined to bring Catholicism back to Bohemia and took the religious freedoms of his subjects, majority of whom were Protestant. This led to a military conflict for dominance between Ferdinand II and Frederick V (who was Calvinist and declared by the Bohemians their king).
[https://www.coursehero.com/file/p7lna38/Four-Periods-of-War-o-The-Bohemian-Period-When-the-Habsburg-Ferdinand-of-Styria/] -
Defenestration of Prague
The Protestant League threw Habsburg officials from a window as a form of rebellion against the Archduke of Bohemia. [https://www.britannica.com/event/Defenestration-of-Prague-1618] -
Battle of White Mountain
The Catholic led by the Habsburgs forces destroyed the Bohemian troops. Resulting in the retreat of the Protestant Union. [https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-White-Mountain] -
Period: to
Philip IV of Spain
Under his command Spain won a few conspicuous victories like the capture of Breda (from the Duch). When his reign ended, Spain was a second-class power because of the weakening of the military reverses and economic & social distress.
[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-IV-king-of-Spain-and-Portugal] -
Period: to
Maximilian I of Bavaria
Maximilian was one of the biggest contributors to the Catholic League counteracting the protestant rebellion. He married into the Habsburgs, built a fierce and effective army, and increased the control over Bavaria and the church. In the end he was defeated by the french and saved by the Peace of Westphalia.[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilian-I-duke-of-Bavaria] -
Period: to
The Danish Period
This period began when King Christian IV (Lutheran ruler of Denmark) supports the Protestants against Ferdinand II. The Danish Period ended with a Hapsburg and Catholic victory.
[https://sites.google.com/site/apeuroreviewemilyk/home/the-30-year-s-war/events/the-danish-period] -
Treaty of Lubeck
King Christian IV of Denmark has no other option but to make peace with the Catholic Emperor. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peace-of-Lubeck] -
Period: to
The Swedish Period
The independence of German princes was vulnerable due to Ferdinand II's victories. Moreover, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden was the new Protestant leader.
[http://www.wismar-stralsund.de/en/world_heritage/history/swedish_period/] -
Battle of Lutzen
The battle between the Swedish and the Catholic troops resulted in the death of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. This motivated the Protestants and led to their victory. [http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars16011800/p/lutzen.htm] -
Period: to
The French Period
the agreement that was reached in the Treaty of Prague was destroyed because France took direct part in the war. Cardinal Richelieu (chief minister of King Louis XIII) needed to lessen the power of the Hapsburgs.
[http://www.laurel.k12.ky.us/userfiles/441/Classes/940/The%20Thirty%20Years.pdf] -
The Treaty of Prague
The treaty weakened the Catholic power and the Habsburg's were excluded from all German affairs [http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-thirty-years-war/the-peace-of-prague/] -
The Peace of Westphalia
The peace between the Catholics and the Protestants was based on mutual compromise. The Swedish gave up on Protestant tolerance in Austria and Bohemia; while the Habsburgs dropped the Edict of Restitution. [https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Westphalia] -
Treaty of the Pyrenees
The peace marked the end of the Franco-Spanish wars led by Louis XIV and Philip IV. [https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-the-Pyrenees]
