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The Crusades were military campaigns conducted under the sanction of the Latin Catholic Church from the High Middle Ages to the end of the Late Middle Ages, the goal was restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem.
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The 12th century renaissance included social, political and economic transformations, and an intellectual revitalization of Western Europe with strong philosophical and scientific roots; it was the rebirth of learning.
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The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement meant initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. It ended the unity imposed by medieval Christianity.
