-
Then, in 1429, a teenage French peasant girl named Joan of Arc felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors.
-
He was a professor in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic), taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than the pope. His was excommunicated in 1412. in 1414, he was seized by Church leaders, tried as a heretic, and then burned at the stake in 1415.
-
France and England were fighting over who should have the throne of France.
-
In 1305, King Philip IV persuaded the College of Cardinals to choose a French archbishop as the new pope. Clement V, the newly selected pope, moved from Rome to Avignon in France. Popes would live there for the next 69 years.
-
Curing the 1300s an epidemic struck parts of Asia, North Africa, and Europe. Approximately one-third of the population of Europe died of the deadly disease known as the bubonic plague, or Black Death.
-
On November 1295, knights, burgesses, bishops, and lords met together at Westminster in London.
-
English nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter), which guaranteed certain basic political rights.
-
In 1212, a women named Clare and her friend Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscan order for women. It was know as Poor Clares.
-
In the early 1200s, wandering friars traveled from place to place preaching and spreading the Church's ideas.
-
Thomas Aquinas argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument about using Aristotle's logical approach to the truth and still keep faith with the Bible.
-
Philip II, also called Philip Augustus, was a powerful Capetian king who ruled from 1180 to 1223
-
Henry II ruled England from 1154 to 1189.
-
In Germany, Hildegard of Bingen, a mystic and a musician, founded the Benedictine convent in 1147.
-
In the early 1100s, a new stye of architecture, known as Gothic, evolved throughout medieval Europe, included, sculpture, woodcarvings, and stained glass windows. Nearly 500 churches were built between 1170 and 1270.
-
In the 1100s, Christian scholars from Europe began visiting Muslim libraries in Spain. Few Western scholars knew Greek but most did know Latin. So Jewish scholars living in Spain translated Arabic versions of work by Aristotle and other Greek writers into Latin.
-
-
-
Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII enforced Church laws against simony and marriage of priests
-
Scholars estimate between 1000 to 1150, the population of Europe rose from around 30 million to about 42 million.
-
Simony is the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.
-
Farmers rotate their fields, using only 2 fields for planting and the other field for resting/fallow.
-
Between 800 to 1100, churches were built in the Romanesque style. The churches had round arches and a heavy roof held up by thick walls and pillars. The thick walls had tiny windows that let in little light.
-
