-
Camels were one of the key factors that led to the trans-Saharan trade. The trans-Saharan trade kept wealth running in the empires.
-
In this time period, the Mayans adapted and developed the Olmecs' ideas. They improved on Olmec building techniques. They did not have wheels or metal tools but they still made stone cities which had decorative temple-pyramids and palaces. they also had observatories for studying the heavens and charting the movements of the moon,stars, and planets. WIth this and mathematics they were able to create highly accurate calendars.
-
The Roman Empire had political instability, economic and social problems, and weakening frontiers. They could never find a way to transfer power peacefully. Their heavy taxes injured the economy, brought poverty, and affected trade. The large size of the empire was hard to defend
-
It is the eastern half of the empire that still survived. It is also named after Byzantium after the original name of the capital city.
-
This empire has risen in the semidry Sahel and later spanned the valley between the Senegal and Niger rivers. In the south was a forest and in the north was the Sahara desert. By the ninth century, when they started to write about Ghana, it was a flourishing empire. It may have developed into an empire by conquering their neighbors as ghana means "war chief".
-
Buddhism came from India and became popular in China as well as Korea. A Korean king sent a statue of Buddha to the Japanese as a recommendation fro a religion. The Japanese accepted and Buddhism thrived.
-
This stated that the emperor was the supreme ruler.
-
Muhammad had gone to a cave to pray when he recieved the call to be a prophet. He got this message by an angel named Gabriel. He was unsure but his wife convinced him it was true and was the first to convert to Islam.
-
This edition was written by Caliph Uthman. He destroyed other versions of the Qur'an and declared this the official version. Muslims honor this holy book and do not let it touch the ground or get dirty. Most of them memorize all or parts of the Qur'an.
-
Because the traders settled in a rich community, the small step led to the rise of the Islamic culture.
-
-
After learning how to make paper, bound books were being created and bookmaking helped the growth of literature to flourish. Bookmaking became an industry or field. In the Muslim world it was big and became a kind of craft too. Poetry, prose and the Qur'an were sold. More than a million copies of the Qur'an were sold. Storytelling and poetry were favored. A famous collection of stories was called The Arabian Nights in which the wife tells her husband a different tells a different tale every nig
-
This system equipped people with protection and safety by establishing a stable order. Loyalty and promises bound them. Feudalism was a type of social system.
-
-
Movable type, which are individual characters made of wood or metal that can be arranged to create a job for printing and then used over again, was invented in the eleventh century. Movable type lowered the cost of printing and advances in this field helped the growth of education.
-
After years of fighting and arguing,the two churches officially seperate.
-
In this period, the idea of scholar officials reached its height. Neo-Confucianism which blended the teachings of Confucius with the elements of Buddhism and Daoism is what the exams are based on. By this lower classes can become scholar officials. They were set up in a way to prevent cheating. Government officials had certain privileges such as being excused from taxes and military service.
-
In 1002 the Umayyad caliphate in Cordoba broke up inot rival kingdoms. The Christians tried to take advantage of the Muslims' weakness. The captured Toledo which is in central Spain, in the year of 1085. Slowly, the Muslims let go of territory; Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139 and by 1248 the small kingdom of Granada, on the southern coast of Spain, remained under Muslim control.
-
The city of Antioch was under siege in the June of 1098. Nine months later the crusaders were let in. After the city was closed in on by the crusaders in the next June, they surrendered. Muslims and Jews in the city were massacred. Survivors became slaves. With the defeat of Jerusalem, crusaders went away.
-
Muslims were having trouble uniting but when they did they fought well. They captured Udessa in 1144. This is what promoted the start of the Second Crusade. The Crusaders were defeated both times once in Anatolia and, more recently, when they were defeated in Jerusalem in 1148. The Second Crusade ended when the French Army went home.
-
Corruption reigned the land of Japan as the wealthy focused on culture and ignored the problems of the poor leading to economic problems. The rulers soon lost control and bandits roamed the countryside. Warriors were being paid more money than the emperors because of the chaos. The power of some lords rivaled that of the weak government. Fighting began. The head of the military family brought the military leaders to power.
-
Salah al-Din led the Muslims. He was a great sultan who had formed the largest Muslim empire since the Seljuks. He also continued the fight against Crusaders. He took back most of Palestine and captured Jerusalem(in 1187). This shocked the Europeans who retalliated by starting the 3rd Crusade. Richard I and Salah al-Din fought. They fought for a while with wavering forces. They signed a treaty in the September of 1192 and Muslims agreed to let Christians enter Jerusalem.
-
-
Minamoto Yoritomo came to power in 1185 in Japan but claimed the title of shogun in 1192.
-
-
The decline of Ghana was caused by war and loss of natural resources. After Almoravids started to attack Ghana's empire during the second half of the 11th century, they captured the capital city of Kumbi. Even though Ghana's king regained power the empire was broken apart. The growing population stressed the problem of scarce resources. A while later a new empire rose.
-
16 yeaers under the rule of King John, there is a meeting with the king and the barons. He was a tyrant and they made him sign the "Great Charter" more commonly known as the Magna Carta. This stated that the king should observe common law and the traditional rights of barons and the church. He also agreed that "no free man" could be jailed except by the lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the land.This was like a shield protecting the rights and privileges of nobles.
-
In 1240 the Mande people conquered Kumbi. Before they built the empire of Mali, they took control of the trade routes. Mali also accepted Islam and Mansa Musa became the first West African ruler to practice Islam devoutly.
-
-
The Abbasid dynasty ended when the Mongols destroyed Baghdad and killed the caliph. Muslims could hold back the Mongol advance in the west. The Mamluks overthrew Salah al-din's dynasty. They defeated the Mongols in the battle at Palestine in 1260. The Mamluks continued to rule till 1517. The Mongol Empire eventually fell apart by the mid 1300s.
-
Kublai Khan claimed himself emperor of China after capturing China's imperial capital. His dynasty is called the Yuan dynasty. He called for Mongols and foreigners to fill in the government positions and the Chinese to fill in the lower positions. Foreigners enjoyed a higher status, foreign merchants had privileges that Chinese merchants didn't. The Mongol Empire made the silk road safe again and trading thrived.
-
It was one of the world's largest empires and it stretched through much of Asia. Yet the Muslims repelled against the Mongols
-
-
Mansa Musa became the new ruler of Mali in 1312. He was the first ruler to truly follow Islam. Mali glorified under his rule. Musa made a hajj to the sacred city of Makkah, like other Muslims. It was a long journey, Musa reached Cairo in July 1324. His caravan displayed his wealth and was told to bow to the sultan and that insulted him. His pilgrimage was very impressive and gained acceptance of Mali. It showed up later on a European map.
-
-
A dispute between land for France and England began, thus a war started. This contributed in the decline of feudalism.
-
This came again every decade into the 15th century. It was also called the Black Death which came from the black and blue spots. It slowed down trade and commerce and helped the peasants rise to power.
-
-
Timbuktu was founded as a settlement for the Tuaregs, it was in a location rich with trade and culture. Since it was a rich location, many people got attracted to the place and those seeking knowledge came. Over the time it became a popular place of learning and knowledge, it also had universities and schools.
-
The Ming dynasty brought back the use of civil service exams which had both pros and cons. It emphasized good morals and values but did not allow other fields to be looked upon thus stunting progress.
-
Rebels fought against the Mongols, the government became corrupt, and the Mongol leaders fought against each other.
-
Queen Iabells and King Ferdinand used the Inquisition to help unite Spain into a Catholic country by getting rid of Muslims and Jews who had converted to Christianity(making sure they were practicing only Christianity). People were sometimes tortured to confess if they were practicing their former religion. Thousands of people were burned at stake.
-
Zheng He "Admiral of the Western Seas' went on a voyage to express china's power and collect tribute. He set off with a fleet of 300 ships and they carried 27,000 men. In them were sailors, soldiers, officials, translators, merchants, and doctors. Loads of rice and much more food were provided for the crew, and there fresh fish too. The largest ship has 4 decks, 9 masts with 12 sails and 12 watertight compartments.
-
-
-
The Byzantine Empire ended when the Ottoman Turks attacked them.
-
This happens 22 years after Joan of Arc's death. This helped shift power from feudal lords to monarchs and common people. Large professional armies were the result of collects taxes. Improvements in military technology make knights and castles less needed.
-
When Sunni Ali became the new ruler of Songhai in 1460, he built a powerful army that broke away and eventually conquered Mali. Since Songhai did not seriosly practice Islam, he got replaced with a devout Muslim after Muslims rebelled.
-
-
-
Granada was taken by the muslim hands, and it was the last place to be reclaimed a part of Spain which is why it is so important.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
The Songhai empire ended because of ineffective rulers, invaders from other kingdoms, and political struggles.
-
-
-
The Songhai people were a group within Mali's empire. When Sunni Ali became the new ruler of Songhai in the 1460s, he built a powerful army that broke away from Mali and eventually conquered it.
-
-
Its inability to adapt brought the Ming dynasty to its fall.
-
-
-
-
In 1868, political upheavals restored the power of the emperor.
-
He was the most important leader of the Franks. He unified nearly all of the Christian lands into one empire.
-
-
-
Li Yuan, a general, declared himself emperor and formed and established the Tang dynasty. Its accomplishments were built on those of the Sui.
-
Gunpowder is an explosive powder made of saltpeter and other materials. It is assumed that alchemists thought saltpeter could extend life but found out it was an explosive powder. In 850 A.D. they recorded the formula for gunpowder. Gunpowder made the development of many powerful weapons possible.
-
In 907, the Tang dynasty ended by peasant rebellions and battles between generals.
-
Buddhism was a religion originated from India and brought by a Chinese monk, Xuan Zang, to China in the form of scrolls. Buddhism became very popular in China and played a major role in society. Buddhists monks didn't have to pay taxes and were wealthy, they were also very prosperous. This made the Chinese jealous and they started to have feelings against Buddhism. Now buddhism was being attacked as a foreign religion. In 843, the government became corrupt- they started harassing Buddhists.
-
-
-