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God created two swords, one religious and one political. Gelasisis thought that the pope should bow to the empire in political matters and the emporer should bow to the pope in religious matter. They both competed for power.
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2 harshest punishments that offenders faced were excommunication and interdict. Popes used the threat of excommunication, or banishment from the Church to gain power over political rulers. Under an interdict, many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the king’s lands. As Christians, the king’s subjects believed that without such sacraments they might be doomed to hell.
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The furious young German emperor, immediately called a meeting of the German bishop he had appointed. With their approval, the emperor ordered Gregory to step dow from the papacy. Gregory was then excommunicated by the Pope.
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In January 1077, Henry crossed the snowy alps to the Italtian town of Canossa. He approached the castle where Gergory was a guest. The Pope was obligated to forgive the sinner who begged so humbly. Still, Gregory kept Henry waiting in the snow for three days before ending his excommunication. Their meeting actually solved nothing. The pope had humiliated Henry, a proud ruler in Europe. But Henry felt superior and went to punish nobles.
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Gregory and Henry continued to fight over lay investiture so represenative of the church and the emporer met in the city of Worms and reached this comprimise. The Church could appoint a bishop but the emporer could veto.
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The seven princes who elected the German king realized that Germany needed a strong ruler to keep peace and calm so they chose Federick I, who had the nickname "barbarossa" for his red beard.He was the fist ruler to call his land the Holy Roman Empire.
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Foot soldiers of the Lombard League faced Frederick's army of mounted knights at this battle. In an suprisingly huge vicroty, the Italtian foot soldiers used crossbows to defeat feudal knights for the first time in history.
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Frederick made peace with the pope and returned to Germany. His defeat had undermined his authority with the German princes.
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After Frederick drowned his Empire fell to pieces.
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Charlemagne is crowned emporer of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III. This was an attempt to influence religious and political matters.
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Otto the Great was the most effective ruler of Medieval Germany and he formed a close allience with the Church
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He invaded Italy on the Pope's behalf and was crowned emporer
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An empire established in Europe in the 10th century a.d., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy.
