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Nation-state - A political unit, that has to have territory, boundaries, political organization that controls its own internal and foreign affairs, a population and it must be recognized as a political units.
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The first of the Crusades began in 1095, when armies of Christians from Western Europe responded to Pope Urban II's plea to go to war against Muslim forces in the Holy Land. An effect of the Crusades caused European economies to expand by even peasants stated o use currency.
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As Parliament acquired a larger role in government, it help unify England. Parliament was originated to deal with internal affairs.
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Fredrick Barbarossa was the Holy Roman emperor he dreamed of building an empire from Baltic to the Adriatic. Is first effects of fighting to get the wealthy cities of northern Italy with the pope in Lombard League.
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The Magna Carta shaped English government for many years to come. It contained 2 important ideas: 1) nobles had rights, which would later be extended to all citizens and 2) the document forced monarchs to obey the same laws as others.
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Louis IX becomes King of France with the mentality to make to improve royal government. Similar to Charlemagne he sent out officials to check on local administrators. by his death in 1270, France emerging as an efficient centralized monarchy.
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