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Muslim Spain was not a single period, but a succession of different rules.
The Dependent Emirate (711-756)
The Independent Emirate (756-929)
The Caliphate (929-1031)
The Almoravid Era (1031-1130)
Decline (1130-1492) -
Arabs cross the Straight of Gibraltar and establish control over much of the Iberian Peninsula. They called this area "Al-Andalus"
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Muslims conquered most of Spain and Portugal. By 720 Spain was largely under Muslim control. The heartland of Muslim rule was Southern Spain or Andulusia.
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Amir Abd al-Rahman was the man who founded the Emirate of Cordoba. He was credited for gathering Muslims to rule the conquered land. He united the separate Muslim kingdoms, creating stability and a climate of religious and ethnic tolerance of Jews and Christians.
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The building of the Great Mosque of Cordoba begins.
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Hisham I succeeds Abd ar-Rahman after his death.
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The Caliphate also known as The "Golden Age" of al-Andalus, this period marked leading agricultural, scientific, and philosophical advancements in Muslim culture
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Al-Mansur becomes 3rd Caliph. His leadership was more military dictator style. His leadership creates problems against Christians. These attacks against them cause Christians to raid into Muslim territory.
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Manṣūr gave African territories local independence under Umayyad suzerainty, keeping the caliphate’s influence. He introduced military reforms that created a more proficient army and began the recruitment of a new cadre of skilled Berber troops
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Manṣūr’s eldest son, ʿAbd al-Malik al-Muẓaffar, reigned after his father's death in 1002, until his death in 1008. His younger brother, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Sanchuelo lost control of the Berber generals and angered the Arab aristocracy by having himself proclaimed successor to the caliph.
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The revolution in Cordóba led to the fall of Hishām II and murder of Sanchuelo. No Umayyad could control the Berbers. Berbers would demand land in Al-Andalus. The revolution brought about 20 years of unrest through out the land
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Caliphate falls and The Golden Age reign is over
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Almoravid was not tolerant of Jews or Christians and made many stipulations to their acceptance in Muslim land.
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The first big Islamic centre to fall to Christianity was Toledo in 1085.
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Yusuf ibn Tashfin defeat the Christians at the Battle of az-Zallaqah
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By 1102 Christianity had fought back and had regained almost all of the peninsula.
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Separation among Muslims gave Christians a chance to rebel against Muslims and win back their land.
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Muslims finally lost all power in Spain to Christians in 1492.
