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At the Council of Clermont, the Pope called the princes of West Europe to reclaim Jerusalem. Crusaders were promised absolution of sins.
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The First Crusade began when the Byzantine Emperor, Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, requested the help of the Pope to reclaim territories in Asia Minor lost to Islamic conquerors.
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While the Pope had called on the princes of Europe, the call was widely heard. In 1096, a large group of peasants attacked and killed many Jewish people living in the Rhineland of Germany.
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A group of 50,000 to 60,000 Europeans, including some 7,000 knights took the city of Jerusalem, establishing the Western-dominated Kingdom of Jerusalem.
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As the Crusaders moved toward Jerusalem, they retook lands formerly belonging to the Christian Byzantine Empire. The city of Antioch fell after a long siege.
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As the Crusaders moved toward Jerusalem, they retook lands formerly belonging to the Christian Byzantine Empire. They worked, in this, as a mercenary army. The city of Antioch fell after a long siege.
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Crusaders captured the city of Jerusalem in 1099. They massacred many of the residents, including Christians, and divided the city into four sectors.
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The Second Crusade was called to retake the city of Edessa. The Second Crusade accomplished nothing.
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In 1187, the Muslim warrior, Saladin, captured the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The entire army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was lost in the battles for the city.
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The Third Crusade was called in an attempt to reclaim the city of Jerusalem.
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Under the control of Richard the Lionhearted, European Christian forces regained control of a small amount of land in modern-day Israel, and Christians were allowed to visit the city of Jerusalem.
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The crusaders of the Fourth Crusade were called to again reclaim Jerusalem. They became involved in politics, eventually sacking Constantinople and establishing the Latin Kingdom of Constantinople.
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The Fifth Crusade was directed against Egypt, rather than Jerusalem. It was a costly failure.
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Access to Jerusalem was lost for good in 1244; the city remained under Islamic control until 1917.