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a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.
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The Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus urgently asked Pope Urban 2 for christian knights help him fight muslim turks
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Although the investiture struggle was over new battles were soon raging between popes and emperors.
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By the 1100 europe was experiencing dynamic changes.
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King john was forced to sign the Magna Carta (great charter) and it did 2 important things. 1) forced monarchs to obey the laws and 2)gave nobles rights, that were later extended to all free-men.
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English rulers repeatedly clashed with nobles and the church as they tried to raise taxes or to impose royal authority over traditional feudal rights
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The great famine of 1315-1317 caused by heavy rains and serve weather destroyed crops and started a long bout of hardship and starvation.
