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A nation-state is a ruling organization which consists of a group of people that maintain a national identity, occupy a bounded territory, and possess their own government.
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Philip Augustus was the king of France. He was a ruler of many lands in Europe. He also gained control of lands in other places.
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King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta (great charter) and it did 2 important things. 1) forced monarchs to obey the laws and 2) gave nobles rights, that were later extended to all free-men
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King Edward I summoned people to get money for his wars. He also had people who joined with clergy and lords. These people are known as commons.
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During the struggle with the pope. Philip rallied the French support by setting up the Estates General