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Founding of Rome
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Beginning of the republic
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The aristocratic families of Rome, with the support of the people, put an end to the last Etruscan king: Tarquino el Soberbio, who ruled like a tyrant.
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Rome faced, in the so-called Punic Wars, Carthage, the maritime power that at that time dominated the Mediterranean.
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Beginning of the Roman empire
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After the death of Cesar, and after winning a civil war, his adoptive son Octavio transformed the republic into an empire.
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The western empire, much more impoverished, the emperors were incapable of safeguarding it. The Germanic peoples occupied the territory and created independent kingdoms.