-
Period: 1096 to 1291
The Crusades
It was a series of wars between Muslims and Christians which began because they both wanted to secure control of holy sites.
(History.com) -
1097
Siege of Antioch
Antioch lay on the crusaders’ path to Palestine. The city was strategically located and so, it could be used for supplies and other purposes. This is why the crusaders decided to seek control of the city and laid siege to it on October 21, 1097. (https://www.medievalchronicles.com/the-crusades/top-10-famous-events-of-the-crusades/) -
1099
Siege of Jerusalem
The decisive event of the First Crusade. After achieving several successes in the lands surrounding Jerusalem, the Crusader forces finally converged on Jerusalem and laid siege to the city. Crusader forces were successful in breaching city walls and forcing an entry. This led to a successful assault in which Fatimid forces were defeated and most of the city inhabitants put to the sword. (https://www.medievalchronicles.com/the-crusades/top-10-famous-events-of-the-crusades/) -
1147
Siege of Lisbon
"The capture of the city of Lisbon from the Almoravid Muslims was a by-product of the Second Crusade to the Holy Land and one of the few Christian victories of that campaign. It proved to be a pivotal turning point in the history of Portugal as it mutated from being a subordinate vassal of Leon into an independent Christian kingdom." (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Siege-of-Lisbon) -
1148
Siege of Damascus
"During the siege, the Zengid ruler Nur-ad-Din Zangi came upon the Crusader army with reinforcements and attacked it. The crusaders were forced to retreat which resulted in a decisive Crusader defeat." (https://www.medievalchronicles.com/the-crusades/top-10-famous-events-of-the-crusades/) -
1187
Battle of Hattin
It took place after the Second Crusade and just before the Third Crusade. Muslim forces used strategic devices to first weaken the Crusader army and then inflicted a crushing defeat on it. (Eminent Crusader leaders were either killed or captured. In the aftermath of the battle, Salah-ud-din also captured Jerusalem.) (https://www.medievalchronicles.com/the-crusades/top-10-famous-events-of-the-crusades/) -
Period: 1347 to 1353
The Black Death
It was a epidemic of bubonic plague that hit Europe and Asia. The plague killed over 20 million people in Europe.
(History.com) -
1348
Ireland is Greatly affected by Plague
"The 'Black Death', or Bubonic plague, raged in Ireland from 1348 to 1350, and it is likely that between a quarter and a third of the population died during the first outbreak..." (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7225208/#:~:text=The%20'Black%20Death'%2C%20or,Panic%20in%20Nineteenth%20Century%20Ireland.) -
Period: 1400 to 1495
Early Renaissance
Was an era of painting, sculpture, and architecture. Also where naturalistic styles and humanist theories were evolved -
1436
Johann Gutenberg Invents the Printing Press
Increased the manufacture of books and knowledge. (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Gutenberg) -
1450
Rise of Rome and the de Medici Family (E)
Through banking and commerce, the Medici's rose to become one of the most important families in Florence. "The family’s patronage of the arts and humanities made Florence into the cradle of the Renaissance, Europe’s scientific, artistic and cultural rebirth." (https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/medici-family) -
1453
Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire
"Constantinople was made the new Ottoman capital, the massive Golden Gate of the Theodosian Walls was made part of the castle treasury of Mehmed...."
"What was left of the old Byzantine empire was absorbed into Ottoman territory..." (https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1180/1453-the-fall-of-constantinople/) -
1454
Gutenberg's Bible was Published
"Johannes Gutenberg published the Gutenberg Bible, using a new printing press technology that would revolutionize European literacy." (https://www.thoughtco.com/renaissance-timeline-4158077) -
1466
Plague of Paris
"In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of plague in Paris. During the
16th and 17th centuries, plague visited Paris for almost one year out of three." (https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Black-Death.pdf) -
Period: 1476 to 1500
Age of Exploration
This period began when Europeans started exploring the world by sea in search of knowledge and goods. -
1485
Virgin of the Rocks
This painting was innovative for several reasons. Rather than depicting the Virgin as an idealized Queen of Heaven upon a throne with the customary halo, he created her as the Madonna of Humility, a version of Mary that would also be adopted by Raphael. (1483-85) (https://www.theartstory.org/movement/high-renaissance/) -
1492
Columbus Discovers America
"Spain finances Christopher Columbus' voyage to find a western trade route to Asia. Columbus lands in the Caribbean in 1492, convinced he has reached East Asia. His voyage opens the Americas to later European explorers." (https://www.softschools.com/timelines/age_of_exploration_timeline/348/) -
Period: 1495 to 1527
High Renaissance
Characterized by heroic centralized composition, technical mastery of drawing and conception, and a mature humanistic content -
1497
Vasco Da Gama Sails Around Africa
He was the first person know to round Africa's cape of Good Hope when sailing from Europe to India. (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasco-da-Gama) -
1498
The Last Supper
In this work, Leonardo deviated from the tradition of depicting Judas separate from the group, and instead conveyed his betrayal by showing him stiffly hidden in shadow. (https://www.theartstory.org/movement/high-renaissance/) -
1501
1501 to 1550: Politics and the Reformation
"Europe became divided along confessional, as well as territorial, lines. The religious turmoil of the period led to warfare within most states and between many. This warfare, especially the Thirty Years’ War from 1618 to 1648, decimated Europe." (https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/HIST103-3.2.1-ReformationPoliticalImpact-FINAL.pdf) -
1513
Balboa Discovers the Pacific Ocean
"In September 1513, Balboa led an expedition of some 190 Spaniards and a number of Indians southward across the Isthmus of Panama. Late that same month, Balboa climbed a mountain peak and sighted the Pacific Ocean, which the Spaniards called the Mar del Sur (South Sea)" (https://www.history.com/topics/exploration) -
1516
The Mona Lisa was Painted
"Leonardo da Vinci did start painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 or 1504 in the Italian city, but in 1516 he was invited by King François I to work in France, and scholars believe he finished the painting there, and there it has remained." (https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance) -
Period: 1517 to
The Reformation
"The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era." (https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/reformation) -
1526
English Bible
William Tyndale publishes a translation of the New Testament in English. -
1527
Charles V Conquers Rome
"Charles V was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555." (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor) -
Period: 1527 to
Late Renaissance
Gave Europe some of the grandest sonorous music composed with multiple choirs and singers and strings and brass. -
1550
1550 and Beyond: The Peace of Augsburg
Temporarily eased the tensions arising from the Reformation, by allowing the legal co-existence of Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. -
Period: 1550 to
Scientific Revolution
The scientific revolutions was an era in which new ideas like physics, chemistry, medicine and biology formed and paved the way for modern science. -
The Compound Microscope
Is a microscope that uses multiple lenses to enlarge the image of a sample. Hans and Zacharias Janssen invented the first so-called compound microscope in the late 16th century when they discovered that, if they put a lens at the top and bottom of a tube and looked through it, objects on the other end became magnified. (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-we-owe-to-the-invention-microscope-180962725/) -
The Compass
"Historians think China may have been the first civilization to develop a magnetic compass that could be used for navigation. Chinese scientists may have developed navigational compasses as early as the 11th or 12th century. Western Europeans soon followed at the end of the 12th century." (https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/compass/#:~:text=Historians%20think%20China%20may%20have,end%20of%20the%2012th%20century.) -
William Gilbert Finds Earths Magnetic Poles
"A forceful advocate of the power of the scientific experiment, Gilbert discovered that our planet has two magnetic poles; he defined these poles correctly and established that the earth behaves like a giant magnet." (https://www.famousscientists.org/william-gilbert/#:~:text=Lived%201544%20%E2%80%93%201603.&text=A%20forceful%20advocate%20of%20the,behaves%20like%20a%20giant%20magnet.) -
Janszoon Discovers Australia
Was a Dutch navigator and colonial governor. During his voyage of 1605–1606, he became the first European known to have seen the coast of Australia. (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Janszoon) -
The Barometer
The invention of the barometer was discovered by Evangelista, that measured air pressure. -
Galileo Builds Enhanced Refracting Telescope
The invention of the telescope was by Galileo in the early 1600. It was important because it has allowed man kind to see the universe with a naked eye. (http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/1500.shtml) -
Santorio Santorio Created The Thermometer
"The Italian, Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) is generally credited with having applied a scale to an air thermoscope at least as early as 1612 and thus is thought to be the inventor of the thermometer as a temperature measuring device. Santorio’s instrument was an air thermometer. Its accuracy was poor as the effects of varying air pressure on the thermometer were not understood at that time." (https://www.brannan.co.uk/who-invented-the-thermometer.) -
Amsterdam plague
The city was ravaged by a deadly epidemic of bubonic plague. By the time the epidemic petered out in 1665, the disease had claimed 24,000 Amsterdammers — around 10% of the population. Even though the epidemic was severe, these attempts at isolation, and the fear of miasma, may indeed have saved lives. (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-04-14/how-amsterdam-recovered-from-bubonic-plague) -
Great Fire of London Kills Rats Carrying The Disease
The Plague was in England up until the Great Fire of London, that kills the rats carrying the disease. -
Isaac Newton Publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
"The Principia states Newton's laws of motion, forming the foundation of classical mechanics; Newton's law of universal gravitation; and a derivation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion." (https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/laws-of-motion-327727-2016-07-06) -
The plague reaches Marseille, France
"On May 25, 1720, a ship named the Grand Saint-Antoine arrived in the port of Marseille, France, laden with cotton, fine silks, and other goods. The invisible cargo it also carried, the bacteria known as Yersinia pestis, launched the Great Plague of Provence, the last major outbreak of bubonic plague in Europe" (https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/25/bubonic-plague-outbreak-1720-france-officials-dithered-sound-familiar/#:~:text=On%20May%2025%2C%201720,of%20bubonic%20plague%20in%20Europe.)