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382
The Latin Bible: The Catholic Church (Pre-Reformation)
The first Bible to be recognized by the Church was introduced in 382. Up until it's translation to German, the text was only published in Latin. Due to the fact that the majority of the population was not fluent in Latin, members of the church trusted the interpretation of the Pope and other men in leadership of the Church. This initiated a sense of codependency within the members of the church as they were instructed what they should believe.
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Period: May 21, 1285 to Sep 13, 1321
Dante Alighieri: (Literary Works)
Dante was a philosopher that contributed to many of the humanistic and Christian ideals and perceptions of the early Renaissance. He wrote various works that presented profound ideas to the public. One of his most popular works, “The Divine Comedy” follows an individual’s journey throughout the afterlife. Because Religion was incredibly important to the general public, Dante’s works that presented Christianity in a new light were very popular.
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Jun 24, 1285
Eyeglasses: (Inventions)
Alessandro Della Spina was the inventor of the first functioning pair of eyeglasses. The first pair was presented in 1285, a pair of two frames bound by wood that would have to be held up by the wearer. The concept of eyeglasses has evolved through history, improving and changing so that they may function effectively.
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Jan 1, 1300
Christianity as the Commonly Practiced Religion: (Daily Life/Culture of the Renaissance)
During the time of the Renaissance, Christianity was the most commonly practiced religion. Those who did not practice Christianity, or who opposed the Church, were often viewed as heretics. Christianity shaped the ideas widely held by many people and determined who would be appointed in leadership.
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Jan 1, 1301
Clothing as a Representation of Social Status: (Daily Life/Culture of the Renaissance)
There was a defined separation of social classes that could be recognized by one’s clothing during the Renaissance. The majority of the population would often-time wear the same clothes each day, while the wealthy would bring attention to the extent of their wealth through their appearance. Those who could afford to would wear bright and elaborately designed garments alongside ornate hairstyles.
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Jan 2, 1301
Common Culinary Dishes of the Renaissance: (Daily Life/Culture of the Renaissance)
Like clothing, what food an individual ate could serve as a representation of how financially wealthy they were. Common people had fairly simple meals, with bread and soups being a staple. Those were wealthy could afford to host feasts that would include several courses. Many of the meals at feats would incorporate various birds and fruits.
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Jul 5, 1410
The Introduction of Oil Paints: (Inventions)
The initial use of oil paints began in 1410, when Jan van Eyck first introduced them. Oil paints were used as an alternative to other artistic mediums, such as watercolors, during the Renaissance as they allowed a painter to incorporate more depth into their work. Because the Renaissance Period was a time of artistic growth, oil paints truly affected the impact of many paintings that were created throughout the period of time.
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Oct 12, 1418
The Medici Family: (Patrons of the Arts)
Due to their immense financial standings, the Medici family had the opportunity to commission many artistic pieces. In 1418, Giovanni di Bicci de Medici contributed to the reconstruction of the church San Lorenzo. This was one of the first initial projects that the Medicis were involved in, paving the way for them to assist in future projects during the Renaissance.
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Period: Jan 14, 1440 to Feb 14, 1450
The Printing Press: (Inventions)
The first printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg between 1440 and 1450. The invention allowed publishers to print and distribute various texts with far more ease than ever before. Martin Luther’s movement was greatly impacted by the printing press as it allowed for his works and texts to be widely distributed to the public.
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Jun 7, 1476
Borso d’Este: (Patrons of the Arts)
Borso d’Este is remembered for commissioning the artistic skills of Francesco del Cossa. Francesco is accredited for the frescos that he painted in his commissioner's household. Francesco’s works were often reminiscent of the Book of Hours. Many artistic compositions were based upon literary works during the Renaissance as they impacted the inspirations of the people.
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Jun 21, 1498
The Last Supper: (Renaissance Art/Artists)
Prior to painting the Mona Lisa, Leonardo Da Vinci painted a depiction of the last supper that Jesus spent with his disciples prior to his death. The Last Supper was completed in 1498 and has since been upheld as an iconic painting in various cultures. In the time of the Renaissance, the life and death of Jesus were incredibly important to those who considered themselves to be members of the church.
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Jan 1, 1503
Leonardo Da Vinci: (Renaissance Art/Artists)
Da Vinci was not only an artist with highly popularized paintings, he also contributed to the advancement of scientific ideas and perceptions. In 1503, Da Vinci completed his most recognized painting, the Mona Lisa. The Mona Lisa was a unique piece during the period of the Renaissance, as the concept of a portrait was not incredibly popular. Many of Da Vinci’s works influenced other artists during the Renaissance period because of their uniqueness.
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Feb 12, 1504
Raphael: (Renaissance Art/Artists)
In 1504, Italian painter Raphael was commissioned by the Albizzini family to paint a piece in the Chapel of Saint Joseph. Entitled, “The Engagement of the Virgin Mary,” the painting depicted the marriage between Mary and Joseph as highlighted in the Bible. Many of the works of Raphael were centered around biblical text which was significant due to the widely held religious views of many during the Renaissance.
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Mar 15, 1512
Michelangelo and The Sistine Chapel: (Renaissance Art/Artists)
In 1508, Michelangelo was commissioned to paint nine paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel located in Vatican City. He completed the nine depictions of Genesis in 1512. The importance of the paintings derived from the widely held Christian beliefs of the people who valued the artistic depictions of the biblical stories.
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Nov 1, 1516
Relics: (The Catholic Church (Pre-Reformation))
A popularly believed method of ensuring one’s salvation was to pay to gaze upon various relics that held religious significance. Prince Frederick of Saxony was known for his extensive collection of such holy objects that he made profitably public during the year 1516. The importance that relics held in the church were a theme of several of Martin Luther’s Theses, thus impacting the pursuit of the Protestant Reformation.
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Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther Posts his 95 Theses: (Martin Luther & the Protestant Reformation)
On October 31st, 1517, Martin Luther posted 95 theses to the Wittenberg Castle Church. The theses were Luther’s reservations against the actions of the Catholic Church, and displayed the corruption that he claimed to observe. This event was the beginning of the Protestant Reformation which changed the practice of Christianity drastically.
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Dec 5, 1517
The Selling of Indulgences: (The Catholic Church (Pre-Reformation))
Prior to Martin Luther’s impact on Christendom, a common practice of the Roman Catholic Church was the selling of indulgences. Indulgences were used as a method of raising and obtaining funds that were to be used by the church as they saw fit. Many people viewed the indulgences as “good deeds” that would aid them in their pursuit of salvation. John Tetzel was a monk who was infamous for selling indulgences during the time of the Protestant Reformation.
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Jan 3, 1521
The Excommunication of Martin Luther: (Martin Luther & the Protestant Reformation)
Due to his clear dispositions toward the Church, Pope Leo X formally excommunicated Luther in a papal bull that he issued on January 3, 1521. The conflict between Luther and the Church had been occurring since 1517, and, as a result, the church publicly expressed their contempt for him. Luther’s excommunication aided in his efforts of the Protestant Reformation.
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Mar 25, 1522
Martin Luther Translates the New Testament from Latin to German: (Martin Luther & the Protestant Reformation)
During his time at the castle of Frederick the Wise of Saxony during 1521-1522, Luther translated the New Testament from Latin to German. His purpose for doing so was to provide access to biblical text to all men and women, so that the responsibility of its interpretation would not be designated solely to those of the church. Because of his efforts, biblical text became the foundation for the Protestant Church.
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Oct 19, 1543
Heliocentric Solar System: (Scientific Discoveries)
The notion of a heliocentric solar system was first presented by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543. The theory essentially proposed that the sun was at the center of our solar system. This scientific discovery paved the way for other astronomical discoveries and accomplishments.
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Romeo and Juliet: (Literary Works)
In 1597, the Shakespearean play Romeo and Juliet first debuted. The story followed two young lovers whose families forbade them from seeing one another. The tragedy had the power impact future stories during the time of the Renaissance and in the present.
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Macbeth: (Literary Works)
On August 7th, 1606, Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, was first performed for King James I. The play was loosely based off of historical events and the late Scottish king Macbeth who reigned in the 11th century. Macbeth was suspected to be a cursed play as many unfortunate events happened in correspondence to some of its performances.
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Atmospheric Pressure: (Scientific Discoveries)
In 1608, Evangelista Torricelli invented the first barometer by mere accident. As he developed his design, the notion of Atmospheric pressure solidified in the eyes of the people. This discovery has now impacted modern-day weather predictions.
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The Girl with a Pearl Earring: (Renaissance Art/Artists)
In 1665 Johannes Vermeer painted “The Girl with a Pearl Earring.” The piece was unique as it featured an odd subject for the time period, a young woman in clothing that was not commonly worn in Europe. The painting also encouraged the idea of humanism which allowed for the arts to depict subjects that were not religiously affiliated.
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Gravity: (Scientific Discoveries)
Sir Isaac Newton is remembered for his discovery of the physical aspects of gravity. In 1687, he published a book that presented his findings on the manner entitled, “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.” Newton’s discovery of gravity truly shaped many scientific endeavors in the Renaissance and after as well.
https://web.stanford.edu/~buzzt/gravity.html
