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Sep 8, 1500
Bering Strait Land Bridge
The Bering Strait Land Bridge was the way the First Occupants made their way to North America. They came from Siberia , they then crossed over the Bering Strait Land Bridge. After the First Occupants passed the bridge , they dispersed into North America. -
Period: Sep 8, 1500 to
Population and Settlement
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Sep 15, 1500
Iroquoians
From 30 000 to 60 000 BC , there was an arrival of the Iroquoians. The Iroquoians lived in long houses surrounded by palisades. The food that they ate mostly came from their primary food sources , agriculture and hunting. Their social organization is sedentary matriarchal. The Iroquoians were enemies with Champlain and the Algonquians because Champlain was in alliance with the Algonquians -
Sep 16, 1500
Algonquians
From 30 000 BC to 60 000 BC , the Algonquians lived in the low land of the St Lawrence and Great Lakes. They lived in wigwams (tipis). Their food came from hunting and gathering. Their social organization is Nomadic Patriarchal which means that they move constantly because they follow the flow of the animals. The decisions in the Algonquian society are made by the man who rules. The Algonquians were in alliance with Champlain , they traded furs with him -
Sep 22, 1500
Inuits
From the 30 000 BC to 60 000 BC , the Inuits arrived and settled in wigwams (igloos). They lived in a patriarchal society which meant chief which was a man made the big decisions. They were also nomadic which meant that they moved from place to place , following the migration of animals in order to have food and resources. Most of their food came from them hunting and gathering. -
Sep 8, 1534
Jacques Cartier
Cartier was a french explorer on a hunt for a route to Asia, he was looking for precious materials and was looking to claim new land for the King of France.He went on three trips.His first trip was in 1534 as he explored the Gulf of St Lawrence.His second trip took place in 1535-1536. He explored down the St.Lawrence river. He meets first nations people in Stadacona and Hochelaga.His third voyage was in 1541.He tried to bring settlers and start a colony but was failed because of harsh winters. -
Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608. He had made contact with the Algonquians while exploring , which was his first ever contact with Amerindians. The Iroquois now know that the French are enemies since Champlain is on the Algonquian's side and is in alliance with them. Champlain has also traded fur with the Algonquians. -
Company of 100 Associates
In 1627 ,the king of France grants them a trade monopoly on fur in New France. During this time , France and Britain go to war (in Europe) which is why the Company of 100 Associates didn’t work because their boats were being attacked. It prevents the them to bring settlers to New France, this cut into profits. Profits went back to the company not in bringing and protecting settlers. -
Trois Rivières
For a long time, the Algonquins and Abenaki's used this territory as a summer stopping place. The name "Trois-Rivières" was given in 1599 by Captain Dupont-Gravé. In 1603, Champlain was surveying the Saint-Lawrence River and recommended establishing a permanent settlement in the area. That was finally done on July 4, 1634, by the Sieur of Laviolette. The city was the second to be founded in New France. Because of it's location , it played an important role in the colony and fur trade. -
Paul Chomedey , Sieur de Maisonneuve
Paul Chomedey , Sieur de Maisonneuve founded Ville - Marie. Ville - Marie was situated close to the Iroquois village of Hochelaga. The purpose of this settlement was to evangelize the Amerindians , it quickly became a major trading post because of it's prime location. It was located in the centre of the Amerindian territory. -
Ville Marie
Ville Marie is the name of Montreal. This metropolis is named after Fort Ville-Marie, the French settlement. The 2014 estimate of the population of the metropolitan area of Montreal is 4.1 million. French is the city's official language. French is spoken at home by 56.9% of the population of the city, followed by English at 18.6% and 19.8% other languages according to the 2006 census -
Jean Talon
Jean Talon was in charge of New France. He was sent by King Louis XIV. Jean Talon encourage anybody to come to New France besides the Huguenots (French Protestants) because they wanted Catholic to be the main religion. Jean Talon encouraged population to come to New France by giving free land given to soldiers and engages if they agreed to stay in New France after their service. He also had orphaned girls come to New France , the King pays for their voyage (Filles du Roi). -
Demographics of New France
By the time Jean Talon takes over New France, the population is roughly around 3000 - 5000. By the time the British take over in 1760, the population was around 70 000 in New France. The population of New France was so low because they focused mainly on fur trade. By 1760 , the British Population living in the 13 colonies was 2 million. They established the 13 colonies right away and people came right over. -
New France Birth Rate 1700s
In New France , the quality of living allowed for a high birth rate in the 1700’s .Access to food and good water helped the colonists stay in relative good health.Also because the population was spread out over the territory -
Royal Proclamation
The Royal Proclamation was a document signed that officially gave New France to the British. They renamed it the Province of Quebec.
English Laws and the Anglican church were introduced to the territory in order to attract British Colonists. Catholicism and French Law were no longer allowed because they wanted to stimulate English population. -
Composition of Population
The Canadiens still had a high birth rate after the conquest. Some issues with conflict, diseases or poor harvest affected the birth rate The Aboriginal Population had a very low birth rate caused by the War of the Conquest and American Revolution, famine and being displaced. Great Britain (Anglophones) was determined to encourage British settlement so the borders of British North America were reorganized and plans to attract large numbers of colonists were put into place -
Quebec Act
The act was in favour to the French. The province’s territory was expanded.The oath of allegiance was replaced with one that no longer made reference to the Protestant faith .It guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith It restored the use of the French civil law for private matters while maintaining the use of the English common law for public administration , including criminal prosecution . -
Constitutional Act
The Constitutional Act opened up new land to be given to the Loyalists entering Canada.They colonized the Eastern Townships region of the Province of Quebec.Town ships were pieces of square land offered to the Loyalists tax free. Between 1775 and 1812 15 000 loyalists came to British North America. In this Act , North America was divided into Upper and Lower Canada Majority English people live in Upper Canada (Ontario).In Lower Canada (Quebec) the majority of French Canadians lived there. -
Effects of the Loyalists
From 1783 to 1800 ,the immigration of the Loyalists and Americans impacted the formation of the population and the settlement of the territory. 36 000 loyalists came to Canada (Most settled in the Maritimes). 6 000 loyalists came to Quebec (Most settled in West of Montreal). The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase (1% to 10%).They settled according to the Township system and gave their settlements English names. -
Act of Union
The French Canadian rebel group called the Patriotes wanted better representation for French speaking people and businessmen but were defeated by the English speaking Canadians.This act united both lower Canada and upper Canada into one territory, Canada.
English became the official language.The French now found themselves as a minority. -
Great Potato Famine
Between 1845 and 1852 , there was a period of mass starvation in Ireland. Their main food source was potatoes and a disease made the potatoes not fit to eat.Approximately 1 million people died and 1 million emigrated. It was a big migration flow. Before the Irish came to British North America , they were quarantined on Grosse Ile to assure that they didn't bring cholera in to British North America -
Immigration Policies during the British Regime
From 1867 , there were several measures put in to encourage immigration in New France. First , when the British took over New France, the wealthy French people. This still left the population of New France at 99% French and 1% French. In order to stimulate immigration the British would be granting land to shipping and railroad companies and immigration agents coming to the aid of immigrants in 1828. -
Confederation
Under the British North America act , The Provinces of Quebec , New Brunswick , Ontario and Nova Scotia join together to create the Dominion of Canada . -
Canadiens
In the 18th Century , the people who were born in New France became known as the Canadiens.They were French speaking Catholics. -
Early 1900
Laws that encouraged British citizens to immigrate to Canada and avoided “ undesirables “ such as health , wealth , culture, etc. Germans , Jews , Italians immigrate pre war but get labeled during wars. Xenophobia , which means when racism is extreme and anti - semitism was very present at this time. -
Immigration after 1950
In 1952 was when the Immigration Act happened. In 1952 , there were specified the criteria used to allow immigrants to enter Canada.
British subjects , French citizens , U.S residents and Asians that already had family in Canada were prioritized. The act also excluded some people. For example , Asians without family in Canada following Indians , Pakistanis and Sri Lankans were not permitted. -
Immigration Act of 1976
The main objectives of the Immigration Act were as follows :
Encourage population growth
Enrich cultural heritage
Facilitate family reunions
Facilitate the adaptation of new residents into society
Selection with non - discriminatory criteria
Maintain humanitarian attitude towards refugees -
Quebec Government Policies after 1980
Quebec Government Policies after 1980 were as follows :
Office de garde a l’enfance (1980)
Tax breaks for having children (1986)
CPEs (Centre de la Petite Enfance) (1997) and 5$ day daycare (now 7$)
QPIP - Quebec Parental Insurance Plan (2005)
