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-played a huge role in growth of European civilization
-Led by Pope
-encouraged people to be loyal to their ruler. -
Established the Franks.
-500, converted to Christianity.
- Empire streched from France to Germany. -
-In 500 the Roman Empire fell
-Replaced by states ruled by German kings
-Gave rise to Frankish Kingdom -
-centered at Constantinople.
-Eastern Orthodox, often clashed with Muslims.
-1071 lost the battle to turks and turned to pope for help -
-Born in Makkah to a merchant family (570).
-Visited hill to pray to God, recieve revaltion from God given by angel Gabriel.
-Became Quran
-Preached for 3 years in Makkah, only 30 followers.
- Set out an Hijrah journey, first year on Muslim calender.
- Married a rich widow named Khadija, who also was his employer.
- Declared Kaaba sacred shrine of Islam.
- Only a prophet
-Died June 8, 632. -
-Was emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527.
- Confied Roman Law, resulted in the body of Civil Law. -
-Journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah
-First year on muslim calander -
-Became leader or caliph of the Arab Empire.
-Wealthy merchant, Muhammads father-in-law.
-At Yarmuk in 636 the Arabs under Bakr beat the Byzantine Army.
-Egypt and North Africa were added to the Arab Empire in 642.
- Died August 23, 634. -
-Made capital by the Umayyad Dynasty.
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-The Umayyads were led by Mu'awiyah.
- They also created the caliphate (office of the caliph).
- The moved the capital from Madinah to Damascus in Syria.
-Overthrown in 750. -
-Abu al-Abbas, a descendant of Muhammad's uncle overthrew the Umayyad Dynasty.
-Moved capital to Baghdad.
-Best ruler was Harun al- Rashid.
-Period of growning prosperity.
-Lasted until 1258. -
-Became Capitol under Abbasid Dynasty
-On tigris River
-Along Caravan route from Mediteranian Sea to Central Asia -
-Arab Empire started to translate works by Plato and Aristotle to Arabic.
-Islamic scholors made contributions to math and science which will be passed to West Europe.
-They set and observoratory to set up a study of the position of the stars.
-Muslim philosopher and scientis Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia. -
European carried out a series of military expeditions.
-The first crusade was the only succesfull one.
-blessed by pope urban II, and the catholic church
-Those who fought in the crusade will be given a ticket into heaven -
-started the first crusade
-set up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal court to help run the Church. -
- Army hired by the Fatimads as mercenaries. -gradually took over Iram and Armania.
- 1055. turkish leader captured Baghdad and gained title of Sultan.
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-oct 14, he faught in England at the battle of Hastings against the saxons. -crowned king of England when he won.
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-oct 14 William of Normandy faught against the Saxons for control of England.
-he won -
- Nobles rebelled agianst him.
- Forced to sign Magna Carta.
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-Document of rights called great charter.
-Nobles forced king john to sign it giving people more rights. -
-Pestoral people
-led by Genghis Khan in early times.
-attacked Persia in Mesotopmia
- 1258 destroyed Baghdad.
- 14th century, split into 2 kingdoms. -
-after split of Mongold Empire, in the Middle East, Egypt and Cairo became the hub of trade.
-New center of Islamic Civilization. -
-one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350.
-rats carried fleas into homes, and it spread to humans. -
- Led by Catholic monarh Ferdinand of Aragon -Intent to remove muslims or jews from spain by making them leave or convert -A motive was to protect the kindom from opposition
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-ruled Frankish throne
-expanded empire and created Carolingian Empire.
-800, named Emperor of the Romans by Pope.
-Simbolized coming together of Roman, Christian, and Germanic elements. -
-Charlemagne died and empire fell.
-for protection people turned to landowners, nobels
-created new political and social systems.
-Knights served the nobles and protected the people in return for food and land. -
-Powerful dukes of the Saxons became kings of the eastern frankish kingdom, later became Germany
-Located in Germany
-Otto I was best known saxon King
-Crowned emperor of the Romans for protecting the Pope
-Later Kings Frederick I and Frederick II tried to take Italy
-Leaving Germany in the hands of Nobles it became divided
