Modern Christianity

By schmiels
  • Jan 1, 1500

    Period 4 – Jansenism - Background items

    A. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) -- vs Pelagius
    -- Augustine did not distinguish clearly between justification & sanctification; justification was sanative rather than forensic
    A. Council of Orange (529 AD)
    -- Condemned Semi-Pelagianism; declared utter inability of natural man in things spiritual--everything good in man (conversion, justification, sanctification) is a result of grace.
    -- Decrees signed by Pope Boniface II in 531
  • Jan 1, 1500

    John Cabot (1497-98) - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    English Colonization—John Cabot (1497-98)
  • Jan 1, 1500

    Christianity Comes to Russia - Period 5 - Church and State in Russia in the 17th Century

    -- 860-865 Cyril & Methodius did extensive work among the Slavic peoples; Cyrillic alphabet
    -- In 864 under Rus’ Prince Askold and Patriarch Photius the first baptisms were administered in the Ukraine.
    -- app. 955 Kiev
  • Jan 1, 1500

    The Rise of Papal Claims - Period 25 - Vatican I & Papsl Infallibility

    -- 754 - temporal power of the pope
    -- 1075 - Gregory VII and the greatest mass divorce in history
    -- 1229 - the Bible placed on the Index of Forbidden Books by the Council of Toledo
    -- 1302 - the papal bull Unam Sanctam (generally regarded as the extreme contention of papal theory).
    1. “It is necessary to salvation that every man should submit to the pope.”
    3. “The supremacy of the pope, even in temporal things, is to be enforced.”
  • Jan 1, 1500

    Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East - Early Christian Penetrations of China

    Early Christian Penetrations of China
    7th Century Nestorian missionaries in China
    11th Century - Nestorian Turkish tribe (Keraits) in Central Asia
    13th Century -Tartar tribe (Onguts) on Yellow River
    13th Century - Ghengis Kahn conquered Chritian Keraits
    13th and 14th Century - Franciscans & Dominicans
    1368 - Mongol rule ended; Ming Dynasty expelled foreigners
  • Dec 14, 1506

    Francis Xavier (1506-1552) - Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East

    (1506-1552) -- Mission work in India (1542) & Japan (1549). Charter member of Society of Jesus & close friend of Ignatius Loyola.
  • Dec 14, 1522

    Martin Chemnitz (1522-1586) - Period 3 - Lutheran Orthodoxy Battles Syncretism

  • Dec 14, 1523

    Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) - Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East

    -- 1523-1524 Franciscan missionaries with Cortez
    -- Jesuits re-won Bohemia, Moravia, Poland and parts of Germany for Catholicism.
  • Dec 16, 1525

    Lutheranism's Early Years in Denmark 1525 - Period 22 - Danish Lutheranism

    -- At the beginning of the 16th century the church in Denmark was in great need of reform
    -- Hans Tausen studied under Luther in 1523 and began to proclaim Reformation truths upon his return to Denmark in 1525. Others (e.g. Claus Mortensen) followed suit.
    -- Danish Lutheran hymnals were published 1528, 1529, and 1533.
    -- Lutherans under the leadership of Tausen presented a statement of their faith at the 1530 Diet of Copenhagen in the 43 articles of the Confessio Hafnica.
  • Dec 14, 1534

    Church of England - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    Church of England Origins & Developments
    -- Henry VIII broke with Rome not for doctrinal reasons, but because Pope would not let him divorce his wife
    -- Fear of Catholicism developed in England—Bloody Mary, Spanish Armada
    -- Some early influences of Lutheranism, growing influence of Calvinism
  • Dec 15, 1537

    Danish Church ordinance 1537 - Period 15 - Hauge in Norway

    • The Reformation was introduced by royal decree in 1537 (Danish Church ordinance). This was accepted as binding by diets in Oslo and Bergen in 1539.
    • Bugenhagen helped organize the Lutheran Church in Denmark
    • Catholicism did not die out until the early 17th century
  • Dec 14, 1540

    Jesuits Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East

    (Society of Jesus) granted papal approval in 1540 as a new mendicant order
  • Jan 13, 1547

    Rome's Semi-Pelagianism - Period 4 – Jansenism

    Council of Trent, Session VI, Canon 9 “If any one says that the sinner is justified by faith alone, meaning that nothing else is required to cooperate in order to obtain the grace of justification, and that it is not in any way necessary that he be prepared and disposed by the movement of his own will, let him be anathema.”
    -- Bellarmine: “For God has not resolved to give eternal life as a reward except to those whom He foresaw that they would do good.”
  • Dec 15, 1555

    European State or Territorial Churches 1555 - Period 11 – Disestablishment

    -- Peace of Augsburg (1555) – “cuius regio, eius religio”
    -- State Church Problems
    - State dominating church (caesaropapism or Erastianism)
    - Church using powers of state - inquisition & persecutions of every type; Calvin's Geneva
    - State Church syndrome - nominal Christianity; spiritual, moral & doctrinal decline
  • Dec 14, 1556

    Matteo Ricci - Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East

    (1552-1610)- Missionary to India (1578) & China (1583) became a favorite of the Chinese emperor - Impressed Chinese with his knowledge of mathematics, astronomy; European technology (clocks, prisms, projections of maps, etc)
  • Period: Dec 14, 1580 to

    Lutheranism's Age of Orthodoxy

    This was not an age of dead orthodoxy, but produced many devotional writings and hymns -- John Arndt, J. Gerhard & Paul Gerhardt. But there was at times a tendency toward purely academic study of Scripture, over-intellectualization and polemics.

  • John Gerhard (1582-1637) - Period 3 - Lutheran Orthodoxy Battles Syncretism

  • Cornelius Otto Jansen (1585-1638) - Period 4 – Jansenism

    -- In his school days he and the future Abbe de Saint-Cyran conceived plan of action against theologians of counter reformation & plan to undermine Protestant claims by reforming Catholic Church along Augustinian lines
    -- Director of newly founded college at Louvain, he successfully defended the cause of his university against the Jesuits in a meeting at Madrid (1626-27)
    -- Read all of Augustine’s writings ten times and anti-Pelagian writings thirty times before writing his Augustinus.

  • Virginia – Roanoke Island (1585-1587) - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    British Colonization
    -- Virginia – Roanoke Island (1585-1587)
    - Jamestown 1607
    - Church of England, large plantations, huge parishes

  • George Calixtus (1586-1656) - Period 3 - Lutheran Orthodoxy Battles Syncretism

    Brilliant student, offered a teaching position at Helmstedt (opposed to the Augsburg confession) upon graduation from that university, but traveled first
    -- He made a close study of various churches and their creeds. His chief interest was the history of the ancient church.
    -- "The prime object of theology is Christian life rather than pure doctrine." (He was the creator of ethics as a theological discipline.)

  • Molinism - Period 4 – Jansenism

    -- Advocated by de Molina in his Concordia (1588)
    -- Efficacy of grace not in grace itself, but in God's foreknowledge of free human cooperation with grace
    -- Widely adopted by Jesuits; Molinism still taught side by side with Thomism (Dominican theology)

  • An Independent Orthodox Church - Period 5 - Church and State in Russia in the 17th Century

    -- Autocephalous. Ivan IV (the Terrible) proclaimed Moscow the third Rome and took the title Czar (Caesar).
    -- In 1589 the head of the Russian Church was raised to the rank of Patriarch, equal to the patriarchs of Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem and Constantinople.

  • Angelica Arnauld (1591-1661) - Period 4 – Jansenism

    -- Daughter of large wealthy family, placed in convent (Port-Royal) at age seven by her parents who had procured the abbacy for her; lax discipline of this convent appealed to her.
    -- Conversion experience in 1608 led her to reform convent along strict lines
    -- Became a convinced Jansenist; Port-Royal became a center of the controversy

  • Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643) - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    Antinomian Controversy
    -- Weekly home meetings to discuss John Cotton's sermons; became convinced that only he was preaching the covenant of grace
    - won over many; disrupted services
    - Hutchinson: “Do good works provide evidence of salvation? Human efforts cannot influence God’s decision nor help establish proof of election.”
    -- Claim of direct revelation from the Spirit; union with the Spirit is so close there is no longer any need for moral law
    -- Condemned, excommunicated, banished.

  • Japanese Persecution of Christians - Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East

    Japanese Persecution of Christians - Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East
    26 Catholics crucified in Nagasaki on Feb 5, 1597

  • Johan Campanius (1601-1663) - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    -- Served in New Sweden 1643-1648
    -- Worked among the Delaware Indians; prepared vocabularies & translated Luther's Small Catechism into their tongue; the catechism wasn't published until 1696

  • Roger Williams (1603-1683) - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    – Reliegious freedom
    -- Religious journey: Anglican > Puritan > Baptist > Seeker
    - Williams criticized the Puritans in Massachusetts for taking Indian land without paying for it and for enforcing the first table of the law by means of the government.
    - In 1635 he was banished to England but fled south & founded Providence in 1636 – First Baptist Church in America (from his background, a Calvinist Baptist church)

  • John Eliot (1604-1690) - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    – “Apostle to the Indians”
    -- By the early 1670s gathered as many as 3,600 converted Indians into 14 “praying towns” so that they be weaned from their heathen culture and instructed in the Christianity
    -- 10 of these “praying towns” were destroyed in King Philip’s War 1675-1676
    -- Eliot’s early efforts sparked the formation of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England in 1649.

  • Nikon (1605-1681) - Period 5 - Church and State in Russia in the 17th Century

    -- When the patriarch died in 1652, he was elected patriarch by order of the Czar. He was reluctant to take the office and agreed only under certain conditions:
    1) he enter office with the approval of the synod, clergy and people;
    2) the high place of the patriarchate should be observed;
    3) the Czar and the church Sobor should obey him in everything as “Shepherd and father.”

  • The Civil War, James I - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    • divine right of kings theory -
    • supported the episcopacy over against the Puritans
    • alienated the Catholics (gunpowder plot in 1605)
    • deserted German Protestants during the 30 years war
    • married his son Charles to the daughter of the king of Spain
    • repeatedly dismissed Parliament only to have to call them again for revenue, etc.

  • Paul Gerhardt (1607-1676) - Period 3 - Lutheran Orthodoxy Battles Syncretism

    Germany's greatest hymn writer - He wrote 14 Latin hymns and 134 German hymns, 21 of which are in TLH, 18 in Christian Worship.
    Most popular preacher at St. Nicholas in Berlin; know for his philanthropy and for his moderation in the normally bitter polemics with the Reformed.

  • John Milton (1608-1674) - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    -- His father was a Protestant who was disinherited by his Roman Catholic father.
    -- Refused to serve as an Anglican clergyman because of Archbishop Laud’s intolerance and the corruption of the clergy.
    --Sided with the independents; served as Cromwell’s Latin Secretary of the Council of State
    Writings:
    - Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
    - Paradise Lost (begun after 1656, published in 1667)

  • Henry Hudson (1609-1619) - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    Henry Hudson (Crew Mutiny, deserted in Hudson bay) (1609-1619)

  • Abraham Calov (1612-1686) - Period 3 - Lutheran Orthodoxy Battles Syncretism

    Forced into polemics because of the Syncretistic Controversy; His polemics were more tenacious than bitter – Like a bulldog, not nasty though
    -- Writings include Biblia Illustrata and Systema locorum theologicorum – “most original, scholarly and tedious dogmatics of his time

  • John Andrew Quenstedt (1617-1688) - Period 3 - Lutheran Orthodoxy Battles Syncretism

  • Persecution - Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East

    205 Catholics executed in a variety of ways from 1617-1632

  • Hidetada vs. Martyrs at Nagasaki - Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East

    Expelled the Jesuits in 1618. An attempt to rescue to imprisoned Domincans aroused his anger. He had the 2 monks, the captain of the ship which had brought them, all other imprisoned missionaries together with their host families burned alive. The wives & sons of the hosts were beheaded; all Christians on that street & their wives & sons & all the passengers on the ship were beheaded. He also beheaded the wives & sons of all those Christians who had been martyred during the previous 3 years.
  • Period: to

    30 Years War

    Horrible devastation, disrupted economy, moral and spiritual degeneration -- Germany did not fully recover for more than 100 years. There was much physical suffering and displacement of entire populations. Morality, education and training suffered.
    -- The Lutheran Church was plagued by caesaropapism.

  • The first Africans to Jamestown in 1619 - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    -A Dutch ship brought the first Africans to Jamestown in 1619. The first blacks seem to have been indentured servants.
    -Slavery did not become a characteristic feature of Virginia until nearly the end of the seventeenth century. There were basically three reasons for the establishment of slavery as an institution at that time:
    -- England restricted emigration of white bondservants;
    -- The Royal African Company became more efficient in conducting the slave trade;

  • - Pilgrims (Separatists) 1620 - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    Plymouth Colony
    - Pilgrims (Separatists) 1620
    - Incorporated into the royal colony of Massachusetts 1691

  • Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) - Period 4 – Jansenism

    -- Brilliant mathematician, his experiments led to the invention of the barometer and the adding machine
    -- After a conversion experience he became a convinced supporter and promoter of Jansenism
    -- “The heart has its reasons of which reason does not know.”

  • George Fox (1624-91) - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    -- In 1643 gave up everything in search of enlightenment; claims to have won a moral victory by reliance on the Inner Light of the living Christ
    -- In 1647 he abandoned church attendance and began to preach that truth was to be found in the inner voice of God speaking to the human soul
    -- He was frequently imprisoned
    -- He founded the Society of Friends; made a missionary journey to Ireland, America & Holland; He exhibited a magnetic personality, selfless devotion, patience under persecution.

  • Augustinus -- Written by Bishop Cornelius Jansen. - Period 4 – Jansenism

    He began his work in 1628 and finished it in 1636, the year Jansen became a bishop. The first part explained the Pelagian and Semi-Pelagian heresies and exposed their errors in exhaustive fashion. In the second part he argued that in matters pertaining to grace St. Augustine was the final authority. In the third part he discussed the fundamental question of the relationship between divine grace and man's free will.

  • John Bunyan (1628-1688) - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    -- Humble birth, son of a poor brazier (tinker)
    -- Fought in the Civil War on the side of Parliament
    -- Pastor of an independent (congregational) congregation in 1657
    -- Suffered under the restoration, imprisoned for most of 1660-72
    -- Writings:
    - Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666)
    - Pilgrim’s Progress (1678-1684)
    - The Holy War (1682)
    - Antichrist and Her Ruin (published posthumously in 1692)

  • The Civil War, Charles I - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    • from 1629-1640 tried ruling without calling Parliament
    • applied royal taxes
    • gave Archbishop Laud a free reign in ecclesiastical matters (Laud expelled from the church all the clergy whom he suspected of having puritan leanings)
    • 1637 tried to extend the Anglican Church to Presbyterian Scotland
    • Scots rebelled and forced Charles to accept a humiliating peace
    • October 1640 forced to call what became known as the long parliament
    • 1642 Charles arrested five leaders of the opposition

  • Maryland - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    Maryland
    - Charter granted by Charles I to George Calvert in 1632
    - Calvert's sons led colonists to Maryland in 1634
    - Haven for Roman Catholics; religious toleration

  • Juan Baptista de Morales - Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East

    Juan Baptista de Morales, a Dominican, came to china in 1633 and was driven out by persecution in 1637.

  • Pasquier Quesnel (1634-1719) - Period 4 – Jansenism

    -- Educated by Jesuits
    -- Wrote Reflexions morales; advocated close study of Scripture for increasing true devotion rather than formalized methods of spirituality
    -- Refused to subscribe to anti-Jansenist formula imposed by superiors; imprisoned, but escaped & fled to Holland

  • Philipp Jacob Spener (1635-1705) - Period 8 - Lutheran Pietism in Germany

    -- Devout parents; at home he read the devotional works of English Puritanism & German mysticism
    -- After completing his university studies he traveled widely in Europe; he saw Reformed church life up close and was impressed with the preaching of Jean de Labadie.
    -- became pastor in Strassburg in 1663; pastor in Frankfort in 1666. In Frankfort he introduced his "Collegia Pietatis"

  • Harvard (1636) - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    Harvard (1636) Puritan; in 1638 named after John Harvard the university’s first benefactor.

  • Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia (1640-1688) - Period 16 - Reformation Anniversary

    • issued an edict restricting polemics in the pulpit and classroom
    • Paul Gerhardt removed from office for refusing to sign statement promising not to engage in polemics

  • Martini vs. Morales in China and Italy - Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East

    (Chinese Rites Controversy, Accommodation Debate) - In 1643 the Propaganda issued a decree signed by the pope forbidding the practices described by Morales.

  • William Penn (1644-1718) - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    -- Oldest son of Admiral William Penn who captured Jamaica from the Dutch
    -- Dismissed from Oxford for being a non-conformist
    -- Prolific writer—attacked the doctrine of the Trinity, atonement & Calvinistic doctrine of justification
    -- imprisoned, acquitted, jury imprisoned for their verdict, but jury’s imprisonment ruled illegal
    -- Founded Pennsylvania in 1682—constitution permitted all forms of worship compatible with monotheism

  • Calov vs Syncretists in First Phase of the Strife - Period 3 - Lutheran Orthodoxy Battles Syncretism

    • 1st phase (1645-56) King Ladislaus IV of Poland issued the call for the conference of Thorn. Calixtus publicized and promoted the conference. Calov blocked him from becoming the chairman of the Lutheran group and even coming as a Lutheran at all so he came as an assistant to the Reformed theologians of Brandenburg. Calov issued Consensus repetitus fidei vere Lutheranae, as a confession for all Lutherans to rally around and to exclude all Melanchthonians, syncretists and Reformed.

  • John W. Baier (1647-1695) - Period 3 - Lutheran Orthodoxy Battles Syncretism

  • David Hollaz (1648-1713) - Period 3 - Lutheran Orthodoxy Battles Syncretism

  • The Civil War, Conflict - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    • Another brief civil war was fought pitting the royalists, Scots and Presbyterians against the independents.
    • The independents won
    • In December 1648 they purged the Presbyterians from the parliament and this rump parliament abolished the house of lords and sentenced Charles I to death.
    • From 1649-1653 England was a commonwealth ruled by a Council chosen by the rump parliament.

  • Martini vs. Morales in China and Italy - Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East

    The Jesuit Martini sent to Rome in 1651 to plead the Jesuit case. The Inquisition issued a decree signed by the pope allowing the practices described by Martini.

  • Tractatus de arte nova - Period 3 - Lutheran Orthodoxy Battles Syncretism

    Calixtus’ writing in which he advances his theory that agreement in the fundamentals was all that was necessary for church union.

  • Cum Occasione - Period 4 – Jansenism

    Papal bull issued on May 31, 1653, condemning “the five points” or propositions and attributing them to Jansen.

  • Protectorate and Restoration - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    -- In 1653 the rump parliament was forcibly dissolved and a new constitution making England a protectorate.
    - Cromwell was made a king in all but name; no freely elected parliament
    - Cromwell restored England's standing by defeating both the Netherlands and Spain in naval warfare and putting down uprisings in both Scotland and Ireland
    - large measure of religious toleration, but lack of political freedom; "blue laws" enforced by the army.

  • Jansenism condemned as a heresy by Pope Innocent X in 1655 - Period 4 – Jansenism

    Jansenism was a theology and a movement, condemned as a heresy by Pope Innocent X in 1655, that arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent (1545–1563). It emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Originating in the writings of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Otto Jansen, Jansenism formed a distinct movement within the Catholic Church from the 16th to 18th centuries, and found its most important strong

  • Calov vs Syncretists in Second Phase of the Strife - Period 3 - Lutheran Orthodoxy Battles Syncretism

    • 2nd phase (1661-1669) -- Cause: University of Magdeburg reopened in 1653, pledged to ecclesiastical peace and a mediating theology. Landgrave Wilhelm VI of Hesse called a Colloquy at Cassel June 1-9, 1661, to work toward ecclesiastical peace (and union?).
      Conflict: Sep 16, 1664 a new edict issued forbidding abusive epithets and attributing to opponents doctrines not acknowledged by them. Results: Confessional Lutheran theologians in Saxony were bound closely together; Syncretism was forbidd

  • August Hermann Francke (1663-1727) - Period 8 - Lutheran Pietism in Germany

    -- Hebrew scholar, good organizer, extremely practical
    -- Came under influence of Spener
    -- In 1692 became professor at recently founded University of Halle
    - In 1695 he opened a poor school in his house
    - In 1696 he founded his Paedagogium and his orphanage
    - Soon added a publishing house and dispensary

  • Consensus repetitus fidei vere Lutheranae, (1664)

    -- Confession written by Calov, 88 sections,
    -- 3 parts each--confession, rejection, proof statements from the opponents
    -- Intent was to exclude the Helmstedters from the Lutheran Church
    Historia syncretistica – Calov’s history of syncretism. Practically confiscated in Saxony.
    -- Confession was never adopted by the 17th century Lutherans

  • Nikon on Trial and Condemned - Period 5 - Church and State in Russia in the 17th Century

    In 1666-1667 a Synod meeting in Moscow was attended by the patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch and many bishops. They gave Nikon a trial and condemned him because:
    1) he had cursed bishops without a trial;
    2) he had deserted his throne and left the church defenseless;
    3) he had slandered the Czar and the church;
    4) he had used improper language with his opponents;
    5) he had not treated his judges with proper respect;
    6) his administration had been arbitrary and cruel.
    - deposed, imprisoned

  • No Cross, No Crown - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    -- Written by William Penn while in prison (1669)
    -- “A recognized classic of Quaker practice.”
    Quakers outside Christianity – Penn attacked doctrine of the Trinity.

  • Test Act (1673), Toleration in England - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    -- Test Act (1673) – Holders of public office had to receive the sacrament according to Anglican usage, take oath of supremacy & allegiance to the king & declare against transubstantiation

  • Valentin Ernst Loescher (1673-1749) - Period 8 - Lutheran Pietism in Germany

    -- Chief opponent of pietism; also opposed syncretism, unionism and the deism promulgated by the enlightenment
    -- One of the last impressive representatives of Lutheran orthodoxy
    -- Deplored the doctrinal indifference of the movement and its deviations from the teachings of the Reformation
    -- Wrote Timotheus Verinus against Pietism

  • Isaac Watts (1674-1748) - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    -- Son of a non-conformist minister
    -- “The Father of English Hymnody;” responsible for the change from psalmody to hymnody in the English Church.

  • Calov vs Syncretists in Third Phase of the Strife - Period 3 - Lutheran Orthodoxy Battles Syncretism

    • 3rd phase (1675-1686) Calov and the younger Calixtus began publishing against each other again. Johann Georg renewed his edict against polemical writing. Those who printed Calov’s diatribe against Musaeus were punished. Calov's Historia Syncretistica (1682) published anonymously refused circulation. 3rd phase ends with the death of Calov.

  • Roger Williams & the Quakers - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    • Quakers were free to practice their religion, but Williams opposed their teachings in public debate
    • Published his account of the debate, George Fox Digg’d out of His Burrowes Roger Williams raised his voice and gave us all religious choice

  • Pia Desideria - Period 8 - Lutheran Pietism in Germany

    -- 1675 Philipp Jacob Spener (1635-1705) issued Pia Desideria, as an introduction to a new edition of Arndt’s Gospel Postils
    - Work widely praised, even by staunch Lutheran, Abraham Calov
    - Soon published separately
    -- Because of the separatism that soon developed among some of his followers, Spener met opposition from the authorities and was attacked by theologians.
    -- 1694 the University of Halle was dedicated, having been founded largely under his influence

  • Pilgrim's Progress, Grace Abounding - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    Pilgrim's Progress
    -- Written by John Bunyan probably while in prison for six months in 1676, published in 1678
    -- Bunyan was uneducated, yet he produced a Christian "classic."
    -- Story describes “Christian’s” journey from the “City of Destruction” to the “Heavenly City.”
    Grace Abounding -- Autobiography of John Bunyan

  • Christian Wolff (1679-1754) - Period 17 - Rationalism Opposed

    The Early Rationalists in the Lutheran Church
    -Introduced rationalism to theology of German universities Revelation must be in harmony with natural religion.

  • Christian Wolff (1679-1754) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    Revelation must be in harmony with natural religion or it is not true. His teachings dominated the universities of Germany in the 18th century.

  • Pennsylvania - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    Pennsylvania
    - Charter granted to William Penn in 1681
    - Religious toleration; haven for persecuted sects

  • Jean Astruc (1684-1766) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    published anonymously a treatise on the book of Genesis, an event that marked the beginnings of Pentateuchal source-criticism proper.
    - Moses used written & oral sources which he reassembled to form a continuous narrative
    - Genesis contained “duplicate” narratives of such events as creation and the Flood
    - God was referred to by the names Elohim and Jehovah both in Genesis and the early chapters of Exodus; this became a criterion for source-analysis

  • Establishment vs. James II - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    -- Charles II died in 1685.-- He was succeeded by his brother, James II, who was avowedly Roman Catholic.
    -- His Declaration of Indulgence sought toleration for both Roman Catholics and those Protestants who had dissented from the Church of England.
    -- Widespread resentment of this decree

  • Spener vs Separatists in 1685 - Period 8 - Lutheran Pietism in Germany

    -- 1676 – One of his followers began to absent himself from communion
    -- 1682 – His more radicals followers separated from the Frankfurt Church and broke with Spener
    - They thought that Spener was wasting his time with those who were beyond help and should spend all his time with them.
    - They reasoned that if conditions in the church were as bad as Spener had painted them, they needed to break with the church
    -- 1685 – Spener wrote Misuse and the Correct use of Complaints about the Sad State of

  • Johann Albrecht Bengel (1687-1752) - Period 8 - Lutheran Pietism in Germany

    -- As youth read works of Arndt and Spener
    -- Excellent exegete - Gnomon Novi Testamenti, but fell into date setting
    -- Made advances in textual criticism
    -- Wuerttemberg a center of “mild” pietism

  • The Glorious Revolution - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    -- Alarm at the birth of a son to James II led which seemed to mean a Roman Catholic dynasty led to the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
    - The Glorious Revolution: James was driven from the country and his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange were placed on the throne. Rule as William and Mary. Protestant dynasty at the throne.

  • The Bill of Rights (1689), Toleration in England - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    • The Bill of Rights (1689) – William and Mary at throne.
    • Declared many of the measures of James II to be illegal
    • No Roman Catholic should ever wear the crown

  • Act of Toleration (1689) - Period 9 – Methodism

    -- Freedom of worship to those taking the oath of allegiance & supremacy; Quakers were allowed to make an affirmation
    -- Dissenting ministers were freed from disabilities if they signed the Thirty-nine Articles (except the two on infant baptism)
    -- Roman Catholics and Non-Trinitarians were excluded

  • Campegius Vitringa 1689 - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    Development of the JEDP View -- 1689 – Orthodox theologian Campegius Vitringa suggested that Moses had access to ancient sources which then formed the basis for the Pentateuch.

  • Theodore Jacob Frelinghuysen (1691-c.1747) - Period 10 - Revivalism in America

    Leader of the Great Awakening
    -- Dutch Reformed minister in New Jersey
    -- Ardent pietist known for his evangelical fervor
    -- His itinerant preaching helped spark the awakening in the middle colonies

  • The Salem Witch Trials -- 1692 - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    The Beginnings
    -- Several girls were caught looking into a crystal ball
    -- the slave of one of them was from the West Indies
    The Accusations & Executions
    -- 150 suspected witches were imprisoned
    -- 19 were hung, 1 was crushed
    -- The accused were often middle-aged women and social misfits
    -- Pastor Samuel Paris, “In this very church God knows how many devils there are.”
    The Aftermath
    -- Many of the Puritan pastors in the area admitted that the real evil was in the accusers, not the accused.

  • William and Mary (1693) - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    William and Mary (1693) Anglican

  • Hermann Reimarus (1694-1768) - Period 17 - Rationalism Opposed

    The Early Rationalists in the Lutheran Church
    Prof. of Hebrew. Rejected miracles and revelation & accused the holy writers of fraud, contradictions & errors. His works were published posthumously.

  • Herman Reimarus (1694-1768) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    Rejected miracles and revelation and accused the Biblical writers of fraud. His works were published posthumously by Lessing.

  • Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694-1768) - Period 27 - New Testament Under Attack

    -- Between 1744 and 1767 composed the treatise from which G.E. Lessing published the notorious Wolfenbuettel Fragments in 1774-78.
    -- Rejected miracles and revelation & accused the writers of the Bible of conscious fraud & contradictions

  • The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) 1698 - Period 13 - The Mission Century

    The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK)
    - Founded by Thomas Bray (1656-1730)
    - Purpose: to operate charity schools and to dispense Bibles and religious tracts at home and abroad

  • Eric Pontoppidan (1698-1764) - Period 15 - Hauge in Norway

    -- Royal chaplain in 1735; theological professor in 1738; in 1748 bishop in Bergen, Norway.
    -- 1755 chancellor of the University in Copenhagen.
    -- Wrote an explanation of Luther's Small Catechism, Truth unto Godliness, which was very widely used in both Denmark and Norway. It was translated into English in 1842 by Elling Eielsen and had great influence on Norwegian Lutheran in the United States.
    - Prepared a catechism and hymnal which aided the spread of Pietist teachings.

  • Martini vs. Morales in China and Italy - Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East

    1700 – University of Paris issued a decree condemning the Jesuit practice.

  • Count Nicolous von Zinzendorf (1700-1760) - Period 8 - Lutheran Pietism in Germany

    -- Godson of Spener
    -- Befriended Hussite refugees on his Saxon estate
    -- Formed “Unitas Fratrum,” later Moravian Church

  • Loescher vs Francke in the early 1700s - Period 8 - Lutheran Pietism in Germany

    Loescher accused the faculty of Halle of several errors:
    1) Making ethical holiness a mark of the church;
    2) Depriving the ministry of its authority;
    3) Commingling justification and good works;
    4) A false position on adiaphora;
    5) Perfectionism (denied by both Spener and Francke).

  • Yale (1701) - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    Yale (1701) Separatist, founded when Harvard became too liberal; in 1716 named after Elihu Yale, the university’s English benefactor.

  • The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) 1701 - Period 13 - The Mission Century

    The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG)
    1) to provide the ministrations of the Church for British people overseas
    2) to evangelize the non-Christian races subject to the Crown.
    -- Deutsche Christentumsgesellschaft in Basel (1780)
    - Purpose: to unite Christians and preserve Christianity
    - The Basel Mission Society (1815) grew out of this organization

  • Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) - Period 10 - Revivalism in America

    Leader of the Great Awakening
    -- Congregationalist & grandson of Solomon Stoddard
    -- Considered by many to be the greatest religious intellect produced in America
    -- Even-tempered and intellectually demanding style
    -- Defended activities of revivalists as a true work of the Holy Spirit
    -- Delivered most famous sermon ever preached in America "Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God"
    -- Called to be president of the College of New Jersey (Princeton) but died of a smallpox inoculation several weeks in

  • Gilbert Tennent (1703-1764) - Period 10 - Revivalism in America

    Leader of the Great Awakening
    -- Presbyterian minister who was influenced by Frelinghuysen
    -- Chief spokesman of the supporters of the Great Awakening
    -- Known for his sermon “The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry” (Donetism)

  • John Wesley (1703-91) - Period 9 – Methodism

    -- 15th child of Rev. Samuel Wesley and his wife Susannah
    -- At age five he narrowly escaped death from a house fire; his mother and he considered him “a brand plucked from the burning” ever thereafter
    -- Educated at Oxford
    -- 1735 with his brother Charles on a mission to Georgia
    -- Moravian influence – impressed by calm of Moravians during storm at sea on his way to America; paid a visit to Herrnhut; in England Peter Boehler, a Moravian, told him that he lacked saving faith.

  • Martini vs. Morales in China and Italy - Period 2 - Roman Missions in the Far East

    1704 – The Inquisition issued a statement confirmed by Pope Clement XI forbidding the use of ShangDi and T’ien as proper names for God and commanding the use of T’ien Chu.

  • Pietism in Scandinavia 18th century - Period 15 - Hauge in Norway

    -- Pietism entered Denmark through Germany. In 1704 F.J. Luetkens came as a court preacher for Frederick IV.
    - Early 18th century in Denmark conventicles arose which were critical of the state church
    - Frederick IV friendly to Pietism though not particularly moral himself
    - Great fire of 1728 devastated much of Copenhagen, made populace much more responsive to Pietism

  • Acceptants vs. Appellants - Period 4 – Jansenism

    After the papal bull “Unigenitus” (1713) condemned 101 of Quesnel’s propositions, the Appellants tried to prevent its acceptance. They were led by Cardinal L.A. de Noailles, the Archbishop of Paris. He was joined by 12 bishops, the Sorbonne and several other universities. They carried on a prolonged literary controversy by pamphlets and appealed to a future general council. In 1718 they were condemned and excommunicated by the papal bull “Pastoralis Officii.”

  • The Schism Act (1714), Toleration in England - Period 6 - English Dissenters

    -- In 1714 the Schism Act (repealed in 1718) – would have made it impossible for dissenters to educate their children

  • George Whitefield (1714-1770) - Period 9 – Methodism

    -- Humble birth; strict Calvinist
    -- Oxford Holy Club
    -- 1st evangelistic tour to America – founded orphanage in Georgia
    -- Open air preaching in Britain; set up chapels in Bristol & London.
    -- Great Awakening in America (1740-1742) – traversed colonies
    -- Friend of Ben Franklin who estimated that he could be heard in the open air by 25,000-30,000 people; Franklin built a building for him in Philadelphia which later became the University of Pennsylvania

  • The Amana Colonies 1714 - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    A pietistic group originally formed in Hesse in 1714 by Johann Friedrich Rock and Eberhardt Ludwig Gruber. They claimed that the age of inspiration wasn't over and that they themselves were prophets of God.

  • George Whitefield (1714-1770) - Period 10 - Revivalism in America

    -- Member of the Oxford Holy Club with the Wesleys
    -- Helped spark the awakening that swept England in the first half of the 1700s
    -- Powerful preacher, began practice of preaching in the open fields
    -- Made several trips to America, preaching to large crowds throughout the colonies
    -- Befriended by Benjamin Franklin who built a building in Philadelphia for him to preach in; this building later became the University of Pennsylvania
    -- Died in Newburyport, Mass., and was buried there

  • David Brainerd (1718-1747) - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    -- Worked as a missionary to Indians in New York, Pennsylvania & New Jersey; he met some success in New Jersey in 1745-46, baptizing 38 Delaware Indians & founding a church
    -- He died of tuberculosis before he could marry his fiancée, the daughter of Jonathan Edwards
    -- Edwards published Brainerd's diary in 1749. This diary has served as an inspiration for Protestant missionaries ever since.

  • Peter's Holy Synod - Period 5 - Church and State in Russia in the 17th Century

    Peter the Great (reigned 1682-1725) (Wanted to Westernize Russia) abolished the office of Patriarch altogether. In place of the patriarchate, he introduced in 1721 the Most Holy Synod. The Synod consisted of a board of bishops which supervised church affairs and which was, in turn, supervised by a secular government official, the Procurator General, appointed by the Czar.

  • Lutheranism in Sweden 18th century - Period 15 - Hauge in Norway

    • Legalism and intellectualism in the Church of Sweden; in 1677 Pietism arrived through the head of a German school in Stockholm
    • In the 1690s there were Swedish students at the University of Halle
    • 1721 & 1726 – edicts against secret private gatherings

  • Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) - Period 12 – Kantianism

    -- Lived all of his life in the small town of Koenigsberg in East Prussia; never married.
    -- Grew up under the influence of pietism.
    -- Professor of logic at Koenigsberg.
    -- Tried to find a way out of the deadlock between continental rationalism (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibnitz, Wolff) and English empiricism (Locke, Berkely, Hume). Rationalism = belief in the existence of innate ideas. Empiricism = all knowledge is derived from experience whether through the sense or the mind.

  • Johann Semler (1725-1791) - Period 17 - Rationalism Opposed

    The Early Rationalists in the Lutheran Church
    Among the first to apply the historical-critical method to the books of the Bible.

  • Johann Semler (1725-1791) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    Among the first to apply the historical-critical methods to the canon and text of the Bible.

  • Johann Semler (1725-1791) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    Development of the JEDP View
    - results of criticism became negative

  • The Oxford “Holy Club” (1729) - Period 9 – Methodism

    -- Oxford (1729) – John & Charles Wesley formed a club to counter the irreligious and anti-religious spirit of the times
    -- Read Greek New Testament, received communion twice/week; undertook pastoral & charitable work
    -- Called “Holy Club,” “Bible Moths,” and “Methodists” by other students
    Sought to reform the Anglican church (Episcopalians, only bishops can ordain) , ended up starting a new denomination.

  • Gotthold Lessing (1729-1781) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    Christianity belonged to a stage of civilization which the human race in its advance through time was now leaving.

  • Alexander Geddes (1737-1802) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    Development of the JEDP View
    - assigned the Pentateuch to the Solomonic period and assumed that it had been compiled by a single redactor or editor from a mass of fragments, some of which antedated Moses

  • John Wesley conversion experience 1738 - Period 9 – Methodism

    May 24, 1738 – had a conversion experience while listening to a reading of Luther’s Preface to the Book of Romans at a Moravian meeting; dedicated his life to evangelism.
    -- In 1739 Whitefield talked him into open air preaching.
    -- Soon traveled all of British Isles; 8,000 miles/year on horseback; preached 40,000 sermons
    -- Small of stature—5’3”, 128 lbs., but had strength of character to face down angry mobs
    -- At his death he left a church of 70,000 in England and 40,000 in America
  • Period: to

    The Great Awakening -- 1740-1742

    A. Previous "awakenings" were usually confined to a small geographical region
    1. Every generation large numbers would have a conversion experience & enter full church membership.
    2. These awakenings were local affairs under the supervision of the local pastor(s) and seldom got out of hand.
    3. Solomon Stoddard (1643-1729) presided over many such local awakenings during his 47 years as a pastor.
    B. The Great Awakening encompassed several colonies & itinerant evangelists or revivalists
    Calvinist

  • Hauge vs Church & State Establishment 1741 - Period 15 - Hauge in Norway

    • The Conventicle Act of 1741 -- State church order vs. lay preaching -- 1797-1804 - Hauge arrested ten times -- Bishop Nordal Brun of Bergen protected Hauge not because he agreed with his pietism, but because he felt that the Conventicle Act was null and void since freedom of the press had been introduced. But opposition developed from the rest of the ecclesiastical and legal system; Bishop Peter Hansen: “Hauge has spread misery among the peasants.”

  • Danish Pietism 1741 - Period 22 - Danish Lutheranism

    -- In 1704 F.J. Luetkens came as court preacher to Frederick IV.
    -- Early in the eighteenth century conventicles arose in Copenhagen which were critical of the official church and denounced it as Babylon.
    -- Pietism supported by the royal family
    -- Moravian influence
    -- Eric Pontoppidan & his catechism
    -- 1741 edict against conventicles

  • Halle and the Pennsylvania Ministerium - Period 8 - Lutheran Pietism in Germany

    Halle and the Pennsylvania Ministerium
    -- Henry Melchior Muhlenberg – “The Father of Lutheranism in America” arrives in America in 1742
    - Muhlenberg had characteristics of both pietism and orthodoxy
    - Founded the Pennsylvania Ministerium, the 1st Lutheran synod in America
    -- Halle continued to supply many pastors for America

  • Francis Asbury (1745-1816) - Period 9 – Methodism

    -- Sent by Wesley to America in 1771
    -- Remained in America during Revolutionary War—Wesley was opposed to the revolution
    --Established circuit riders; he rode 5,000 miles/year over often impassible roads in poor health

  • Francis Asbury (1745-1816) - Period 10 - Revivalism in America

    -- 1st Methodist general superintendent in America, volunteered for duty in America after hearing a plea by John Wesley
    -- Remained in America during Revolutionary War
    -- “Christmas Conference” Dec 24-Jan 3, 1785, established the Methodist Episcopal Church; he & Thomas Coke were elected general superintendents
    -- Developed the institution of the Methodist circuit rider
    -- In 45 years he traveled more than 300,000 miles on horseback & preached over 16,000 sermons;

  • Princeton (1746) - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    Princeton (1746) [Seminary 1812] Presbyterian

  • J.G. Eichhorn (1752-1827) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    Development of the JEDP View
    - Sources can be determined on the basis of literary style and vocabulary

  • William Carey (1761-1834) - Period 13 - The Mission Century

    -- At age 18 he became a convinced Baptist; An exceptional gift for languages and taught himself Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Dutch and French.
    -- in 1792 he preached a sermon at a Baptist pastoral conference which helped launch the Baptist Missionary Society.
    - he went to India in November 1793;
    -- In 1801 published the New Testament in Bengali;

  • Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus (1761-1851) - Period 27 - New Testament Under Attack

    attempted to reconcile belief in the substantial accuracy of the Gospel narrative with disbelief in the miracles and the supernatural

  • Thomas Campbell (1763-1854) - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    a Presbyterian from Scotland, was disturbed by divisions among the Presbyterians. After coming to America, he withdrew from the Presbyterians in 1809. He formed the “Christian Association of Washington” (Washington County, PA) to promote “biblical” Christianity and church union. He rejected all creedal statements—“Where the Scriptures speak, we speak; where the Scriptures are silent, we are silent.” Eventually his followers became known as Disciples or Disciples of Christ.

  • Brown (1764) - Period 7 - Puritan Problems in America

    Brown (1764) Baptist

  • Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834) - Period 12 – Kantianism

    -- Educated by the Moravians, but rebelled against the narrowness of their teaching.
    -- Studied at Halle; taught at both Halle & Berlin
    -- Essence of religion = Gefuehl, religious experience, feelings, intuition
    - essence of experience = feeling of absolute dependence
    - highest experience = sensation of union with the infinite
    -- Sin = failure in our sense of dependence
    -- Christ = the one who was utterly dependent upon God in every thought, word, and action.

  • Frederick William III (1770-1840) - Period 16 - Reformation Anniversary

    Ruled 1797-1840
    -- Suffered from the humiliation brought by Napoleon
    -- Deeply religious; but troubled because he could not commune with his Lutheran wife or the majority of his subjects
    -- He had to reconstruct his realm after the Napoleanic Wars; He was an 18th century absolute monarch in the 19th century.

  • Georg Hegel (1770-1831) - Period 12 – Kantianism

    -- Educated in Tuebingen under the influence of F.W.J. Schelling.
    -- Became interested in Christian origins during a three year stay as a tutor in Switzerland.
    -- 1818 professor of philosophy in Berlin; strongly critical of the teaching of Schleiermacher who was also at Berlin.
    -- Theory of history:
    - thesis
    - antithesis
    - synthesis
    -- Evolutionary development of religion
    -- Natural religion > moral religion > spiritual religion
    -- Christianity = highest of all religions, only one absolute

  • Georg Hegel (1770-1831) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    • Thesis > Antithesis > Synthesis; evolutionary view of history and religion
    • Eventually Hegel's pupils taught that the monotheism of the Old Testament prophets was the result of a gradual evolution from the old, crude Semitic worship of nature to the purer concept of a personal God.

  • Hans Hauge (1771-1824) - Period 15 - Hauge in Norway

    -- Norwegian Lutheran lay preacher
    -- He had a religious experience on April 5, 1796, which gave him the conviction of having a call from God to arouse his “sleeping” fellow-countrymen.
    -- From 1797 to 1804 he traversed most of Norway
    -- Arrested ten times
    -- Encouraged industrial enterprises, businesses and factories
    -- Authored several books which had a large circulation
    -- Differed from other Pietists in that he emphasized the dignity of common work

  • Julius Wegscheider (1771-1849) - Period 17 - Rationalism Opposed

    -- German rationalistic theologian & dogmatician
    -- Defended authenticity of Gospel of John & Paul's 1st letter to Timothy
    -- His principle work: Institutiones theologiae Christianae dogmaticae, addita dogmatum singulorum historia et censura (1815)
    - clear presentation of rationalistic dogmatics
    - most important part of dogmatics relates to the concept of God
    - no single proof of God's existence is sufficient to enforce belief; but taken together they do away with all doubt

  • Barton Warren Stone (1772-1844) - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    a Presbyterian minister, began to question traditional Calvinistic teachings. When asked by the presbytery in 1790 at his ordination examination if he accepted the Westminster Confession, he replied, “I do, as far as I see it consistent with the Word of God.” He participated in camp meeting revivals in Logan County Kentucky and was the mover behind the Cane Ridge revival. He founded the Presbyterian Synod of Kentucky which eventually rejected the name “Presbyterian” to be known as Christians.

  • The Shakers 1774 - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    (officially--The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing or Millennial Church)
    -- Originated in England under the leadership of Quakers Jane & James Wardley
    -- Led to America by Ann Lee in 1774.
    -- Leadership eventually passed to Joseph Meacham who appointed Lucy Wright (1760-1821) as co-leader; Shaker leadership thereafter was characterized by parallel lines of male and female authority.

  • Quebec Act (1774) - Period 11 – Disestablishment

    Parliament guaranteed Roman Catholics free exercise of religion and right to collect tithes in Quebec & Old Northwest Territory (Ohio, Indiana, Michigan Illinois & Wisconsin) - fueled revolutionary sentiment in America.
    -- Fear of Episcopacy - the coming of Anglican bishops to America.
    -- Fear of Popery - foreign Roman Catholic power gaining control (Some say partial reason for Revolutionary War)
    - waves of anti-French & anti-Spanish sentiments swept the colonies from time to time

  • Claus Harms (1778-1855) - Period 16 - Reformation Anniversary

    -- Lutheran churchman in Schleswig-Holstein
    -- Studied theology in Kiel
    -- Had studied Schleiermacher’s Reden, but was not permanently influenced by his theology; became a student of the Bible
    -- Deeply sensitive, friendly, pastoral heart. “He gripped his hearers not by his eloquence, but by the content of his sermons.”
    -- In 1817 he published an edition of Luther’s Ninety-five Theses along with ninety-five of his own.

  • The Statutes of Religious Freedom 1779 - Period 11 – Disestablishment

    Drawn up by Jefferson in 1779 It declared: “...no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burdened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinion or belief; but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish,enlarge, or effect their civil capacities."

  • Article VI of the Constitution (1779) - Period 11 – Disestablishment

    No religious test for public office – “3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support the Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.”

  • William Ellery Channing (1780-1842) - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    1. Educated at Harvard.
    2. In 1815 he emerged as the chief spokesman for Unitarianism.
    3. In 1819 he wrote Unitarian Christianity in which he accepted the name “Unitarian” for the liberal movement. This was a key event in leading the liberals to think of themselves as a separate religious community.
    4. Channing taught that every human being possessed an innate spiritual potential to aspire toward a benevolent god. Religious life consisted in cultivating that potential.

  • William Miller (1782-1849) - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    Adventist
    -- Former Deist who was converted to Christianity and eventually became a Baptist lay preacher. He began a systematic study of Scripture to answer the challenges of skeptics.
    -- In 1818, after studying Daniel 8:14, he came to the conclusion that Jesus would return in 1843.
    -- After restudying his conclusions, Miller went public with his prediction in 1831.

  • Johann Gottfried Scheibel (1783-1843) - Period 16 - Reformation Anniversary

    -- From 1817 to 1830 he was the most outspoken and effective critic of the Union. He is rightly called the first leader of the Old Lutherans.
    -- He fought the Prussian Union by means of published writings, personal correspondence, personal testimony, and direct appeal to Prussian officials.
    -- When he finally believed that there was no longer any way to carry on his work under the circumstances of the Prussian Union, he left Prussia.

  • Samuel John Mills (1783-1818) - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    1. Led the Haystack Prayer Meeting – start of heathen mission work. Calvinists, congregationists.
    2. In 1810 helped found American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM)
    3. Between 1812 and 1815 he journeyed as a missionary through the South & Midwest, preaching, distributing Scripture & gathering information.
    4. Helped found the American Bible Society in 1816.
    5. Helped found the United Foreign Missionary Society of Presbyterian And Dutch Reformed Churches (1816)

  • Nicolai Grundtvig (1783-1872) - Period 22 - Danish Lutheranism

    -- In his 1810 trial sermon he opposed rationalism & espoused Lutheran orthodoxy
    -- 1824 Grundtvig's “Matchless Discovery”
    • Bible = “Dead word of God”
    • Apostles Creed and Sacraments = “Living word of God”
      -- An authority on Anglo-Saxon & Norse Literature
      -- Nationalistic spirit; founded Folk High Schools
      -- Result of his work: a national, cultural & “spiritual” upsurg
      -- Opposition to Grundtvig – pious laity opposed to Grundtvig’s approach; Grundtvig wanted to do away with 10 commandments

  • Methodism's Official Birthday -- September 1, 1784 - Period 9 – Methodism

    September 1, 1784, at 6 Dighton Street in Bristol, John Wesley ordained Richard Whatcoat and Thomas Vasey as deacons and sent them to America. Charles Wesley declared, "Ordination is separation."
    1784 – Deed of Declaration, “Legal Hundred” to lead Methodism after Wesley's death. Birth of the Methodist Church

  • American Unitarianism 1785 - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    1. Unitarianism, as we know it today, had its roots among the Socinians around the time of the Reformation. It was then championed by some Arminians, Anabaptists, and free thinkers in various European countries.
    2. American Unitarianism developed independently in liberal (particularly Congregational) churches in New England. The first organized church to turn to Unitarianism was King's Chapel (an Episcopalian (an Episcopalian congregation) in Boston in 1785. Harvard a stronghold

  • William Gesenius (1786-1842) - Period 17 - Rationalism Opposed

    -- Hebrew scholar; a linguist rather than a theologian
    -- Gifted teacher; Semester after semester he had over a thousand pupils attending his lectures. He knew how to make the driest subjects fascinating in their interest.

  • The Connecticut or Great Compromise 1787 - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    U.S. Constitution -- The Connecticut or Great Compromise (adopted July 16, 1787), stated that every state had an equal vote in the Senate irrespective of its size, but representation in the House was to be on the basis of the ‘federal ratio’--an enumeration of the free population plus three-fifths of the slaves.

  • George Cornelius Gorham (1787-1857) - Period 23 - Spurgeon

    -- When he was assigned to a vicarage, Gorham was suspected by his bishop of holding a false view of baptismal regeneration.
    -- After an investigation he was found to hold to a false teaching and was refused his salary.
    -- After a complicated lawsuit, Gorham appealed to the recently formed Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which, attributing to him a view which he did not hold, declared it to be not contrary to the doctrine of the Church of England.

  • Adoniram Judson (1788-1850) - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    1. Participated in the founding of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
    2. Sent to India by that Board in 1812. During the trip he became a Baptist which eventually brought about a break with the ABCFM and the founding of the American Baptist Missionary Union
    3. Forced to leave India, he took up work in Rangoon, Burma.
    4. He mastered the language & translated the Scriptures.
    5. When war broke out between Britain & Burma he was imprisoned under cruel conditions.

  • Alexander Campbell (1788-1866) - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    leader of the Restoration Movement. He and his father emphasized what they considered the essence of New Testament faith and life, free from denominational and creedal restrictions. They accepted everyone who confessed Jesus as Savior and had been baptized by immersion.
    Growing out of the revivalism of the Second Great Awakening, the restoration movement sought to return America to "primitive" Christianity and the church of apostolic times.

  • Johann August Wilhelm Neander (1789-1850) - Period 17 - Rationalism Opposed

    • Hebrew parentage, originally David Mendel, he took the name by which he is known at baptism in 1806, to signify his new birth.
    • church history
    • showed great personal interest in his students, influenced them greatly
    • known for his childlike, unaffected Christian trust--"The heart makes the theologian"
  • Period: to

    The Second Great Awakening -- Mid 1790s to 1840

    A. Differences from 1st Great Awakening
    1. Extent -- 1st Awakening mostly confined to New England & Middle Colonies, 2nd knew no geographical boundaries
    2. Theology -- 1st Awakening was Calvinistic, 2nd was decidedly Arminian & applied “New Measures” to attract, convince and win souls.
    3. Make the conditions right for people to make their decision for Christ.
    1. Presbyterian James McReady became pastor of three frontier congregations in the notoriously godless Logan County,

  • Amendment I (1791) - Period 11 – Disestablishment

    Freedom of Religion – “Congress shall pass no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for redress of grievances.” (declared in force December 15, 1791)

  • William Carey's 1792 Sermon on Isaiah 54:2-3

    -- Wednesday, May 31, 1792, 10:00 a.m.
    -- Expect great things from God; Attempt great things for God
    -- At the end of the meeting Carey complained to his friend, “Is still nothing to be done again?” His friend made the motion to start a mission society.

  • Charles Finney (1792-1875) - Period 10 - Revivalism in America

    -- Leading revivalist of the 19th century – “Father of Modern Revivalism”
    -- Studied law, but conversion in 1821 led him to train for the ministry
    -- Studied for Presbyterian ministry & was ordained in 1824
    -- Labored as a missionary in upstate New York conducting revivals
    -- Introduced “New Measures” - anxious seat, protracted meetings (Conversion by embarrassment)

  • John Keble (1792-1866) - Period 21 - The Oxford Movement

    • July 14, 1833, preached a sermon on “National Apostasy” directed especially against the proposed suppression of ten Irish bishoprics. -- Wrote nine of the “tracts” including #4 entitled, “Adherence to the Apostolic Succession the Safest Course” -- One of the editors of the Library of the Fathers, to which he himself contributed the translation of St. Irenaeus -- After the defection of Newman he cooperated with Pusey in keeping the High Church Movement attached to the Church of England

  • Ferdinand Christian Baur (1792-1860) - Period 27 - New Testament Under Attack

    -- Tuebingen School
    -- 1st century Christianity conflict between Jewish Christianity of Peter & Gentile Christianity of Paul
    -- Church of 2nd century was the synthesis of the conflict between that thesis and antithesis
    -- Dated and interpreted books according to the stage of conflict which he thought they seemed to reflect

  • Pius IX (1792-1878) Pope from 1846 - Period 25 - Vatican I & Papsl Infallibility

    -- Rome seized by Victor Emmanuel on 20 Sept. 1870, Pius virtually deprived of all temporal rule by the Law of the Guarantees of 13 May, 1871
    -- He defined the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary as official Catholic doctrine in 1854
    -- He issued the “Syllabus errorum” and the encyclical “Quanta cura” in 1864 supporting the traditional beliefs of Catholicism by condemning contemporary rationalism, pantheism, religious liberalism, modern philosophy and the separation of Church and State.

  • Johann Christian Friedrich “Father” Heyer (1793-1873) - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    -- Born in Helmstedt, came to America in 1807, studied under 2 pastors; completed his training at the University of Goettingen; pioneer pastor in the Mississippi valley
    -- 1840 asked to go to India for General Synod; in India 1842-1845
    -- Returned to States & studied medicine; returned to India 1848-1857
    -- Missionary in Minnesota 1857-1868; In India 1869-1872; housefather at Philadelphia Seminary 1872-73

  • Sidney Rigdon (1793-1876) - Period 20 - New Cults Emerge

    1. In 1830 Rigdon was one of the earliest converts to Mormonism. He soon became a spokesman for Joseph Smith and an ardent evangelist for the Mormon Church. He was involved in the building of the first temple in Kirtland, Ohio, and fled with other Mormons to Missouri in 1838 and then to Nauvoo, Illinois.
    2. A brilliant speaker, though not always trusted by his fellow Mormons, Rigdon considered himself a serious claimant to the leadership of the church after Smith's death in 1844.

  • Missions among the Cherokees (1794) - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    1. 1794 peace treaty with the Cherokees opened the way for mission work.
    2. Moravians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists & Baptists began to work in tribal lands. There was a slow but steady acceptance of Christianity.
    3. Cherokee leader, Elias Boudinot, studied for the ministry in various schools including a year at Andover Seminary and became a translator, writer and publisher for his people.
    4. Andrew Jackson broke the treaty to appease lust for land. Cherokees were brutally forced to move.

  • Robert Moffat (1795-1883) - Period 13 - The Mission Century

    -- Congregational missionary sent out by the London Missionary Society to South Africa. Arrived in Cape town in 1817. Converted the Hottentot chief, Africaner, and reconciled him to the British government gaining official support for his mission.
    -- Began printing in Cape Town in 1830
    -- In 1839 he returned to England for a while and convinced his future son-in-law, David Livingstone to come to Africa.
    -- In 1857 he completed his translation of the Bible.

  • Hermann Hupfeld (1796-1866) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    Development of the JEDP View
    - four principal sources--a Jehovistic (J) document, an Elohistic (E) compilation, a Priestly (P) source (formerly considered to be a part of the "Foundation Document"), and the book of Deuteronomy (D)

  • Outlawing the Importation of Slaves 1798

    1. One of the first acts of the Continental Congress was to prohibit the importation of slaves. The states took separate action. Within ten years of independence every state except Georgia had banned or severely restrained the trade. Georgia prohibited the slave trade in 1798.
    2. However, ships from New York and New England continued to bring slaves illegally from Africa and sell them in the West Indies and the lower south.
    3. Congress outlawed the African slave traffic in 1808

  • Baptist Wriothesley Noel (1798-1873) - Period 23 - Spurgeon

    -- Evangelical Anglican minister, became Baptist in 1849
    -- Evangelical Clergy Defended (1864) - censured Spurgeon for introducing needless divisions among men of like faith.

  • Friedrich August Gottreu Tholuck (1799-1877) - Period 17 - Rationalism Opposed

    • like Neander, known for his personal interest in his students, showed kindness to many American & British students
    • Prof. at Halle, had pietistic sympathies, yet accepted many critical views; turned Halle from the rationalism which had dominated it since the time of Wolff to the Evangelicalism which characterized it in the nineteenth century
    • Encouraged Hoenecke to study Calov and Quenstedt
    • Excellent preacher

  • Johnann Joseph Ignaz von Doellinger (1799-1890) - Period 25 - Vatican I & Papsl Infallibility

    -- “Before 1840 he had developed his notion of a German Church free from state control, but in full communion with Rome, and this project he defended in the national Parliament of Frankfurt, as well as in several of his writings, notably the Reformation (3 vols., 1845-8) and Luther (1851).”
    -- He gradually became distrustful of Roman influence, and in 1861 attacked the temporal power of the Pope.
    -- Excommunicated in 1871

  • The Scandinavian Church Scene in 1800 - Period 15 - Hauge in Norway

    -- State church syndrome – lack of discipline, decline in morals, Nominal Christianity, decline in doctrinal knowledge.
    -- Pietism had taken root.
    -- Rationalism had reared its head.

  • The Lutheran Church Scene in Germany at 1800 - Period 16 - Reformation Anniversary

    -- Rationalism in full bloom and dominion
    -- Romanticism beginning to stir
    -- Renewal of a strong Pietism doing battle with Rationalism (Pietism both prepared the way for rationalism and fought against it.)
    -- Stirrings of Confessionalism
    -- Reasons for decline of Rationalism
    - Excesses of French Revolution
    - Napoleanic Wars
    - Sterility of rationalistic preaching

  • John Brown (1800-1859) - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    -- Militant messianic abolitionist. A Connecticut native reared in a Calvinist home, Brown was taught not only to fear and obey God but also to be kind to African-Americans and oppose slavery as a sin against God.
    -- He actively participated in the Underground Railroad during the 1820s and 1830s.
    -- By the 1850s he grew convinced that only violent action would end the wrong of slavery. He joined the antislavery forces in Kansas in 1855 and led a band of guerrillas in the 1856 Pottawatomie

  • Edward Bouverie Pusey (1800-1882) - Period 21 - The Oxford Movement

    -- His sermon, The Holy Eucharist, a Comfort to the Penitent, preached before the university in 1843, was condemned by the vice-chancellor and six doctors of divinity as teaching error, and Pusey was suspended from the university pulpit for two years.
    -- In 1846 he preached a sermon on The Entire Absolution of the Penitent; the practice of private confession in the Anglican Church dates from this work.
    -- Became the principal champion of the High Church Movement

  • Nat Turner (1800-1831) - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    Slave rebellions in the United States made Southerners fear for their lives. Perhaps the most celebrated slave revolt was led by the Black lay preacher Nat Turner (1800-1831). Inspired by certain biblical texts Turner began to receive visions and signs that he would liberate the oppressed Blacks in America. Astrological events led him to choose August 22, 1831, for the revolt. About sixty men joined him in killing fifty-seven white Virginians. Nat was executed Nov. 11 1831

  • Barton Stone 1801 - Period 10 - Revivalism in America

    In August 1801, Barton Stone led the famous revival in Cane Ridge, Kentucky.
    -- Lasted nearly one week
    -- Up to 25,000 participants
    -- Many experienced strange physical manifestations
    - being “slain in the Spirit” - passing out & falling to the ground
    - “jerks” - violent shaking
    - “holy laughter”

  • Brigham Young (1801-1877) - Period 20 - New Cults Emerge

    1. In 1835 Smith appointed Young to the “Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.” Young, having directed the evacuation of Missouri in 1839 and the mission to England in 1840-1841, rose to the position of senior apostle and became one of a handful of advisors to Smith.
    2. Because of his position of authority and personal charisma, Young became Smith's successor when the latter was murdered in 1844.
    3. He led the Mormon exodus from Illinois to the Great Salt Lake Basin (1846-1848).

  • John Henry Newman (1801-1890) - Period 21 - The Oxford Movement

    • Raised in the Church of England under evangelical influence -- Vicar of St. Mary’s, Oxford, became the leading spirit of the Oxford Movement -- Spirituality based on a systematic study of the Fathers -- “Via Media” Middle road, middle way (between Catholicism and Evangelicalism)

  • Ernst Hengstenberg (1802-1869) - Period 17 - Rationalism Opposed

    -- Originally a rationalist; through private study of the Bible became a convinced Christian
    -- Prof. at Berlin
    -- 1827 founded the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung; for forty-two years he was identified with this paper and was its chief contributor
    -- Often slandered and insulted because of his attacks on error
    -- Had some doctrinal problems himself; see below
    -- A prolific writer
    -- “No orthodoxy without pietism (piety?) and no piety without orthodoxy.”

  • Horace Bushnell (1802-1876) - Period 28 - Old Beliefs Challenged

    Christian Nurture (1847), God in Christ (1849)
    - immanence of God
    - importance of Christian experience (experience and feeling, not creeds and doctrine, were the foundation of Christianity)

    - necessity of doctrinal revision to meet modern needs
    - symbolic or poetic nature of religious language
    -- Rapid social changes after the Civil War

  • Theodore Dwight Weld (1803-1895) - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    • Converted during one of Charles Finney’s revivals, Weld adopted revivalistic techniques to spread the abolitionist message. -- Weld trained “The Seventy,” a group of abolitionist agents supported by the Tappans (two wealthy New York businessmen). The Seventy were sent out like Jesus’ disciples to imitate Weld's success. -- He wrote two tracts anonymously which had a profound influence on the abolitionist cause: “The Bible Argument against Slavery,” and “American Slavery As It Is.”

  • Elling Eielsen (1804-1883) - Period 15 - Hauge in Norway

    -- Lay preacher & missionary to the Laps
    -- Arrived in America in 1839; preached first Norwegian Lutheran sermon in America & built first Norwegian Lutheran Church
    -- 1843 he was ordained
    -- 1846 – founded Ev. Lutheran Church in America (Eielsen Synod) in Jefferson Prairie, WI

  • John Grabau (1804-1879) - Period 16 - Reformation Anniversary

    • His early instruction involved the influence of rationalism and Reformed thinking; he became more of a confessional Lutheran as time went on. -- At first accepted the Prussian Union; On September 11, 1836, he announced that he wouldn’t use the union agenda; he was removed from office; traveled and ministered secretly. -- He was arrested in 1837; appealed to higher court which said that he had been imprisoned illegally; local jailer said his orders came from higher up.

  • British & Foreign Bible Society (1804) - Period 13 - The Mission Century

    British & Foreign Bible Society (1804) -- Prompted by Joseph Hughes, a Baptist, in an essay, “The Excellence of the Holy Scriptures, an Argument for their More General Dispersion at Home and Abroad.”
    -- Glasgow Bible Society (1805)
    -- Hibernian Bible Society in Dublin (1806)
    -- Canada in 1807, Australia in 1817, New Zealand in 1837

  • William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879) - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    -- In 1831 he began publishing The Liberator.
    -- His fiery abolitionist rhetoric only served to harden Southerners in their defense of slavery.

  • Joseph Smith (1805-1844) - Period 20 - New Cults Emerge

    In New York Joseph claimed to encounter God the Father and Jesus Christ in human form, who commissioned him to restore the "true church" and "lost priesthood" to earth. He also said an angel, Moroni, showed him an ancient book, which he translated, using magical stones, and published in 1830 as The Book of Mormon. On April 6, 1830, he founded his new church.

  • The Haystack Prayer Meeting 1806 - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    1. During a prayer meeting in 1806 students at Williams College in Massachusetts were caught in a thunderstorm. They took refuge in a haystack. Here they committed themselves to missionary service overseas.
    2. From this group of seven students the Society of Brethren was formed in 1808. Their motto became: “We can do it if we will.”
    3. Later at Andover Seminary the group was joined by Adoniram Judson, Samuel Newell and Samuel Nott, Jr.

  • Willhelm Vatke (1806-1882) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    Development of the JEDP View
    - that a great many sections of the Grundschrift could be dated as late as the exile. . . He anticipated later writers by stating that the Torah was the product of the Hebrew state rather than the basis on which it was founded; evolutionary development of Israel's religion

  • David Friedrich Strauss (1808-74) - Period 27 - New Testament Under Attack

    • Leben Jesu appeared 1835-6.
    • Myth theory - Gospels written in mythical language and therefore cannot be religiously true and historically accurate at the same time

  • New York Bible Society (1809) - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    1. Founded to distribute Bibles and Bible portions in and around New York City to immigrants in their own languages.
    2. With the publication of the New International Version of the Bible in 1978, the New York Bible Society gave birth to the International Bible Society.

  • Charles Darwin (1809-1892) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    • English naturalist
    • trip on H.M.S. Beagle during its world voyage (1831-36)
    • “In 1858 he and Alfred Russel Wallace simultaneously published summaries of their independently conceived notions of natural selection.”
    • 1859 Origin of Species
    • 1871 The Descent of Man

  • American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 1810 - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    In 1810 Judson, Mills, Newell & Nott presented a mission appeal to the General Association of Congregational Ministers in Massachusetts. As a result of this appeal the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was formed in 1810.
    - Although by 1870 it drew almost all of its support from the Congregationalists, about half of its missionaries have come from other denominations.
    - By 1877 the Board was supporting 375 missionaries; a peak of 724 was reached in 1920.

  • John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886) - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    Noyes announced on June 1, 1847, that the kingdom of God had come; he moved his followers to Oneida New York in 1848 after being indicted on adultery charges; Noyes fathered nine children in a “spiritualized” eugenics experiment called “stirpculture”
    -- 300 perfectionists lived communally and shared mates; they sought divine healing, practiced discipline by "mutual criticism" and prospered economically
    - In 1877 Noyes turned leadership over to a ruling committee which soon abandoned the practice

  • Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896) - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    -- Daughter of the revivalist preacher Lyman Beecher.
    -- She was a prolific author. Her most famous work, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, was inspired by Weld’s “American Slavery As It Is.” The novel made incalculable impact in creating anti-slavery sympathy when it was published in 1852.

  • Princeton Theological Seminary 1812 - Period 29 - Denominational Doctrinal Strife

    1. “American Presbyterianism's most dominant theology was propagated at Princeton Seminary from its founding in 1812 until its reorganization in 1921.”
    2. The Seminary was originally founded by Old School Presbyterians. It was a staunchly orthodox Calvinistic/Reformed institution (Reformed Confessionalism).
    3. Laid the intellectual and spiritual foundations for 20th century evangelicalism

  • David Livingstone (1813-1873) - Period 13 - The Mission Century

    -- A medical doctor; he joined the London Missionary Society and inspired by Robert Moffat he traveled to Africa.
    -- He won the confidence of the natives with schools and medical work.
    -- He was greeted with greet enthusiasm when he returned to England in 1856.
    -- He returned to Africa in 1858 and explored central Africa.
    -- In 1871 he was found in a state of exhaustion by M. Stanley of the New York Herald.

  • Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) - Period 22 - Danish Lutheranism

    -- Passed his theological exam in 1840
    -- Became engaged to Regina Olsen, but broke it off because he felt marriage impossible for him
    -- 1843-1855 he produce a series of works which secured for him a position of first rank among modern philosophers
    -- 1846 he was cruelly attacked by a “comic” Copenhagen newspaper
    -- 1854 he launched an attack on the established church in Denmark

  • Franz Julius Delitzsch (1813-1890) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    contemporary of Walther
    -- OT scholar and orientalist; pietistic Lutheran background and Jewish descent
    -- Interested in missions to the Jews
    - founded a Jewish missionary college
    - translated NT into Hebrew
    -- Wrote several commentaries
    -- “....the point is made that Higher Criticism became acceptable when seen to be advocated by men of manifest piety and orthodoxy like Delitzsch in Germany, whose O.T. commentaries began to be translated in the sixties.

  • Karl Graf (1815-1869) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    tried to show that the Grundschrift was one of the latest rather Development of the JEDP View
    - than the earliest of the proposed documentary sources of the Pentateuch. . . he assigned the document to the post-exilic period and associated it with the promulgation of the Law in the time of Ezra.. . . he held that Leviticus 18-26, the so-called “Holiness Code,” belonged properly to the period of Ezekiel
    -- Professor of Hebrew
    -- Helped develop documentary hypothesis

  • American Bible Society (1816) - Period 13 - The Mission Century

    On May 8, 1816 the American Bible Society was founded in New York (61 delegates from 31 local Bible Societies).

  • American Bible Society (1816) - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    1. Founded in New York City in 1816 to distribute the Scriptures throughout the world. The Society was to be a national association for the numerous state and regional Bible societies which had sprung up in America.
    2. The American Bible Society initiated the formation of the United Bible Society (an umbrella organization for the national societies) in 1946.
    3. In 1986 the ABS distributed 289,486,970 Bibles and portions of Scripture.

  • The 1817 Union Proposal - Period 16 - Reformation Anniversary

    -- 1798 - Frederick William III appointed a committee to begin working on a joint (Lutheran/Reformed) agenda
    -- 1808 - abolished the Lutheran Supreme Consistory & the Reformed Directory, Frederick became the “summus episcopus”
    -- September 27, 1817 - announced the union of the Lutherans & Reformed into one congregation at the congregation at the court & in the military at Potsdam; appealed for voluntary evangelical union in all Prussia & elsewhere Beginning of Prussian Union

  • The 1817 Ninety-Five Theses #2 - Period 16 - Reformation Anniversary

    -- Against Kant and his followers:
    17) Where the conscience ceases to read and begins to write for itself, the result is as varied as the handwritings of men. Name me a sin, which every man regards as sin!
    -- Against the Prussian Union:
    75) As a poor maiden the Lutheran Church is now to be made rich by being married. Do not perform the ceremony over Luther's bones. They will become alive at it, and then--woe to you!

  • The 1817 Ninety-Five Theses #1 - Period 16 - Reformation Anniversary

    -- Harms issued an edition of Luther's Ninety-five Theses in connection with the 300th anniversary of the Reformation. At the same time, he offered 95 Theses of his own against rationalism, negative criticism, the ideas of Kant and the Prussian Union.
    -- Against rationalism: 43) When reason touches religion it casts the pearls away and plays with the shells.

  • The 1821 Union Agenda - Period 16 - Reformation Anniversary

    Written in 1821, published in 1822. Tried to state things in a way that could be accepted by both Lutherans and Reformed. In the words of institution in the Lord's Supper Frederick's liturgy used the intentionally noncommittal formula: “Our Lord Jesus Christ said, Take eat....”

  • Mary Baker (Glover Patterson) Eddy (1821-1910) - Period 20 - New Cults Emerge

    1. Her sudden recovery in 1866 from severe neck and back pain followed her "discovery" of the key to Jesus' healing miracles and signaled to her a divine calling. She embarked on a career of healing and teaching that culminated in the establishment of the Christian Science movement.
    2. In 1875 she published the first edition of the Christian Science textbook Science and Health.

  • American Home Missionary Society (1826) - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    -- Founded to coordinate efforts of local Presbyterian & Congregational societies.

  • Evangelische Kirchenzeitung 1827 - Period 17 - Rationalism Opposed

    -- In July 1827, Hengstenberg became editor
    -- Had deep influence on the religious life of its age
    -- Its great mission--the combating of the rationalistic spirit
    -- Attacked rationalism and sometimes attacked rationalists personally
    -- Outspoken and opinionated
    -- People tended to be either staunch supporters or bitter enemies

  • Ellen White (1827-1915) - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    Adventist
    accepted the predictions of William Miller.
    -- When Christ failed to return in 1844, Ellen experienced the first of her 2,000 visions.
    -- After a second vision she began to travel with a group of Millerites. She met James White, an Adventist preacher, and married him in 1846.
    -- In 1846 the Whites were influenced by a pamphlet written by Joseph Bates (also an Adventist preacher) which insisted on the observation of Saturday as the Sabbath. Ellen had a vision confirming this practice.

  • “New Measures” in 1827 - Period 10 - Revivalism in America

    “He saw revivals very differently from Stoddard, Edwards, Whitefield or Wesley, who understood that Christians could do nothing about periods of backsliding and sin until the Holy Spirit brought about that renewal. Finney put the initiative in the hands of Christians: if they did the right thing, revival would come. There was nothing miraculous about the coming of a revival. Many said then--and have since--that Finney changed American religion from God-centered to man-centered.”

  • Johan Vilhelm Beck (1829-1901) - Period 22 - Danish Lutheranism

    -- His religious awakening was caused by reading Soren Kierkegaard's The Moment.
    -- He had studied theology and taught for a while but had decided against becoming a pastor after his religious experience.
    -- Society for Inner Mission had encountered many difficulties & was ready to disband when Beck was asked to preach for the 1861 annual meeting. His sermon revitalized the movement.
    -- Beck strongly emphasized that repentance involves a real break with the world.
    -- At the time of his death th

  • The Reach of Rationalism in 1830 - Period 17 - Rationalism Opposed

    -- There was a continuation of late 18th century rationalism at many of the universities.
    -- Henirich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus (1761-1851)
    - Life of Jesus (1828)
    - denied miracles, death of Christ, resurrection

  • Protestant Missions In Oregon (1830s) - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    1. In the 1830s missionaries foresaw a permanent settlement of Oregon. They saw their mission as two-fold: 1) to do mission work among the native Americans; 2) to provide a ministry to settlers, encouraging westward migration.
    2. In 1834 a Methodist missionary, Jason Lee began work in the Willamette Valley. In 1836 Presbyterian missionaries, Marcus Whitman and Henry Spaulding, arrived in Oregon with their wives. The wives kept careful diaries of life among the Flathead Indians.

  • The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 1830 - Period 20 - New Cults Emerge

    1. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, or Mormonism (originally the Church of Christ), was founded by Joseph Smith on April 6, 1830, at Fayette, New York.
    2. Smith published The Book of Mormon on March 26, 1830. He claimed to have derived the book from golden plates which he had discovered with the aid of the angel Moroni. He said that the plates were written in "Reformed Egyptian" which he had translated with the aid of “Urim and Thummim”--two stones which enabled him to translat

  • James Hudson Taylor (1832-1905) - Period 13 - The Mission Century

    • Founder of the China Inland Mission; conformed to Chinese habits as much as possible -- Sailed to China in 1853 & formed the Chinese Evangelization Society; traveled extensively -- Great recruiter; his concern was to “preach the gospel to every creature” rather than “teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you”

  • Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834-92) - Period 23 - Spurgeon

    -- Became a Baptist in 1850 and began preaching that same year
    -- In 1852 he was appointed pastor of the Baptist congregation at Waterbeach
    -- In 1854 he went to Southwark, where his sermons drew such crowds that a new church, the Metropolitan Tabernacle in Newington Causeway, had to be built for him.
    -- Founded a pastors' college, an orphanage, and a colportage association
    -- He was a strong Calvinist.

  • Union Theological Seminary (New York) 1836 - Period 29 - Denominational Doctrinal Strife

    1. This mainline Protestant seminary was founded in 1836 by New School Presbyterians.
    2. It was originally an independent institution for ministerial candidates of all denominations. Later it became affiliated with the (Northern) Presbyterian Church when the Old and New School branches united in 1870. Among its faculty members was the famous historian Philip Schaff.
    3. It became independent again in 1892 when the Presbyterians moved toward suspending Charles Briggs from the ministry.

  • Dwight Lyman Moody (1837-1899) - Period 24 - Reaching the Masses

    G. He was very interested in education and founded a number of schools. He helped lay plans for a Bible Institute in Chicago which was named Moody Bible Institute in his honor after his death.
    H. He established the Northfield Conferences, which met annually for many years. In 1886 this conference gave rise to the Student Volunteer Movement for foreign missions, which adopted the motto "the evangelization of the world in this generation."

  • Roman Missions in Oregon (1840) - Period 14 - American Mission Ventures

    1. The Belgian Jesuit missionary, Jean DeSmet, began work among the Indians of Oregon (1840).
    2. He became an advocate of Indian mission work & Indian rights. In 1841 he published Journeys to the Rocky Mountains in which he highly praised the Flathead Indians among whom he was working.
    3. He was highly trusted by the Indians even in time of war. He served as a negotiator and persuaded the Sioux in 1868 to accept a truce.

  • Charles Augustus Briggs (1841-1913) - Charles Augustus Briggs (1841-1913)

    1. Educated at the University of Virginia (1857-1860), Union Theological Seminary in New York (1861-1863) and the University of Berlin (1866-1869).
    2. Called to Union Theological Seminary in New York. In 1876 he was given the chair of Hebrew and cognate languages.
    3. Co-editor, with Archibald A. Hodge of Princeton Seminary, of the Presbyterian Review.
    4. Brigg’s higher-critical views caused tension because they conflicted sharply with the Princeton doctrine of Scripture.

  • The Amana Colonies 1842 - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    After the death of Rock in 1749 the group declined until it was revived in the early 19th century by two new “inspired” leaders, Barbara Heinmann and Christian Metz.
    -- Because of "inhospitable conditions" the group migrated to New York in 1842 and established the village of Ebenezer near Buffalo, New York. Here they organized as a communal colony.
    -- To avoid the corrupting influences of urban society the colony moved between 1855 and 1864 to a large tract of land near Iowa City, Iowa.

  • Wesleyan Methodist Church 1843 - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    1. In 1836 anti-slavery activists presented legislation at the General Conference. Modern abolitionism was flatly rejected, but it was agreed that slavery was evil.
    2. In 1840 an anti-slavery delegation was not able to make slaveholding a discipline issue.
    3. In 1843 twenty-two abolitionist ministers and 6,000 members left and formed the Wesleyan Methodist Church.

  • YMCA 1844 - Period 24 - Reaching the Masses

    The YMCA was founded in London in 1844 by George Williams as a nondenominational community service organization.
    1. Its purpose was to provide young men with a wholesome alternative to the evils of urban life.
    2. To meet its purpose the association provided rooms for reading and Bible classes
    3. The Association also offered assistance in locating good lodging and Christian companions for fellowship and service.

  • Julius Wellhausen (1844-1918) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    Development of the JEDP View
    - followed Vatke in adopting the evolutionary concepts characteristic of the philosophy of Hegel; evolutionary development of religion
    Emphasis on method, scientific observations, only way to arrive at truth.
    “his thesis on the relative dating of the component documents of the Pentateuch, according to which the P (the ‘Priestly Code’) was the latest, completely transformed OT studies. It sought to establish the gradual development of Hebrew religion from a nomadic

  • Southern Baptist Convention 1845 - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    1. In 1845 the Home Mission Board refused to appoint a Georgia slaveholder as a missionary. The Alabama Baptists asked the Foreign Missions Board whether a slaveholder could be appointed as a missionary. The northern controlled board answered no. The Southerners formed the Southern Baptist Convention.
    2. The northern denomination became the American Baptist Missionary Union in 1846 (formerly the Baptist Missionary Convention). In 1907 the northern group became the American Baptist Convention

  • The United States’ Eielsen Synod - 1846 - Period 15 - Hauge in Norway

    -- Organized in 1846 at Jefferson Prairie, Wis., by E. Eielsen and others. The constitution written by Eielsen made proof of conversion a condition of membership.
    -- Little church structure; no minutes—Eielsen: Jesus and his Apostles didn’t keep minutes.
    -- Change in emphasis led to a revision of the constitution and name change. Eielsen and several followers left and re-founded the Eielsen Synod under the old constitution.
    -- The synod disbanded in 1965.

  • The Oneida Colony (1848-1886) - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    -- Founded by John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886), converted in the revivals of the “burned over district” of New York, he graduated from Dartmouth and attended Andover Seminary & Yale Divinity School, but was dismissed and had his ministerial license revoked in 1834 for having declared himself sinless.
    -- Noyes taught that Christ had returned in 70 AD and since that time all true believers experienced sinless perfection; he established “biblical communism” based on Acts 2:4 in 1844 in Putney, Vermo

  • The Catholic Church and Political Liberalism 1848 - Period 25 - Vatican I & Papsl Infallibility

    -- French Revolution, National Assembly confiscated all the church lands in France
    -- Revolutions of 1848 and 1849
    -- “Throughout the greater part of the nineteenth century, liberals were inclined, not without reason, to regard the clericals as their most ingenious and most consistent opponents.”

  • Friedrich Delitzsch (1850-1922) - Period 26 - Old Testament Under Attack

    -- German Assyriologist, professor at Leipzig (1878), Breslau (1893), and Berlin (1899)
    -- Babel und Bibel (2 parts, 1902-3; Eng. trans., 1903)
    -- Intensely hostile to Christianity

  • YMCA experienced rapid growth 1851 - Period 24 - Reaching the Masses

    The YMCA experienced rapid growth and came to Montreal and Boston in 1851.
    1. Though evangelical it was not connected to any denomination. In fact, it appealed to the spirit of impatience with denominational strife and "fine" theological distinctions in the late 19th and 20th centuries.
    3. Noteworthy leaders included Dwight L. Moody and John R. Mott.

  • Charles Taze Russell (1852-1916) - Period 20 - New Cults Emerge

    1. He was an active Christian until age 16 when he came under the influence of rationalism and lost his faith.
    2. Some time later he went into Congregationalism and then attended Adventist meetings before starting his own Bible study groups.
    3. These groups attracted like-minded members who rejected traditional Christian doctrines, such as the Trinity.
    4. He was the head of a worldwide network of loosely associated groups of Bible students, the majority of whom became Jehovah's Witnesses.

  • The Dred Scott Decision 1857 - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    -- March 6, 1857, two days after Buchanan's inauguration, the Supreme Court published its decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford.
    -- Dred Scott was a slave who had been taken by his master to Illinois and other northern territory where slavery had been forbidden. When they returned to Missouri, he sued for his freedom on the grounds that he had been a resident of free territory.
    (1) as a Negro he could not be a citizen of the United States, and therefore had no right to sue in a Federal court;
  • Period: to

    Third Great Awakening -- 1857-1859

    A. Prayer Meeting Revival -- originated in noon prayer meetings in the Dutch Reformed Church on Fulton Street in New York, and quickly spread around the country, then to the British Isles and eventually around the world B. Movement was given impetus by the financial panic of October 1857 and the continuing tension over slavery C. Its results lasted for decades--evangelism, missions & social action

  • Pius XI (1857-1939) - Period 31 - Church vs. Communism & Fascism

    -- Pope 1922-1939
    -- Signed Laterin Treaty of 1929
    -- His last years were troubled by the events in Europe, the persecution of the church in Germany, the spread of atheism & neo-paganism
    -- Encyclical: “Mit brennender Sorge”

  • William (Wilhelm) Wrede (1859-1906) - Period 27 - New Testament Under Attack

    -- Das Messiasgeheimnis in den Evangelien (1901)
    - claimed that Jesus in His earthly life did not claim to be the Messiah
    - the Gospel story is a reading-back of later beliefs about his person into the narrative
    -- Paulus, 1905
    - claimed that the Christian religion received its essential form largely through St. Paul's radical transformation of the teaching of Christ
    - Paul, not Jesus was the founder of the Christian religion

  • Seventh Day Adventists 1860 - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    -- Founded by the Whites and their followers in 1860
    -- Rapid expansion through publishing, educational and medical institutions
    -- Basic teachings
    - observance of the 7th day Sabbath
    - conditional immortality
    - investigative judgment
    - spirit of prophecy manifested in Ellen White
    - baptism by immersion and the ordinance of foot washing
    - the imminent return of Christ

  • The Episcopalians 1861 - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    1. The Episcopalians divided in 1861. The northern branch was called the Protestant Episcopal Church. The southern branch took the name Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America.
    2. The two branches reunited at war's end in 1865.

  • Inner Mission Movement 1861 - Period 22 - Danish Lutheranism

    -- Organized by a group of laymen in opposition to Gruntvigianism, based on the Lutheran Confessions, intended to stimulate spiritual life
    -- Slow growth
    -- 1861 annual meeting--J.V. Beck preached on Peter's Draught of Fishes (emphasizing fishing for men by both laity and clergy, Lk 5:1-11).
    -- The society was reorganized under the name Kirkelig Forening for Indre Mission (Church Society for Inner Missions). Beck became its leader.

  • Walter Rauschenbusch (1861-1918) - Period 28 - Old Beliefs Challenged

    • Christianity and Social Crisis (1907)
    • Christianizing the Social Order (1912) - presented the kingdom of God as “the progressive transformation of all human affairs by the thought and spirit of Christ.”
    • A Theology for the Social Gospel (1917) was an effort to provide a systematic theology to undergird the Christian social emphasis.
    • For God and the People: Prayers of Social Awakening (1910)
    • The Social Principles of Jesus (1916), a study book for college students
  • Period: to

    American Civil War

  • William Ashley (Billy) Sunday (1862-1935) - Period 24 - Reaching the Masses

    -- He had little formal schooling, but was an excellent athlete. He began a career as a major league baseball player in 1883.
    -- In 1886 he “surrendered his life to Christ” at Chicago's Pacific Garden Rescue Mission.
    -- In 1891 he walked away from a promising baseball career to devote his full time to Christian ministry. He worked for the YMCA and two traveling evangelists.
    -- In 1896 Sunday conducted his first revival in Garner, Iowa.

  • The Lutherans 1863 - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    1. The Midwestern Lutherans tended to declare that slavery in and of itself was not necessarily wrong, but condemned the abuses associated with it.
    2. After the war began five of the southern synods withdrew from the General Synod: North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Western Virginia and Georgia. In 1863 they formed the General Synod in the Confederate States of America.
    3. In 1866 the General Synod in the Confederate States of America became the Evangelical Lutheran General Synod, South.

  • Spurgeon's Sermon on Baptismal Regeneration 1864 - Period 23 - Spurgeon

    -- June 5, 1864, text: Mark 16:15-16
    -- Attack on baptismal regeneration (indirectly--infant baptism) and the wording of the baptismal portion of the Book of Common Prayer
    -- Claimed that baptismal regeneration was not supported by the facts because many who had once been baptized were now manifest sinners or in prison
    -- The sermon sold over 250,000 copies and created a sensation

  • Spurgeon's Sermon on Bringing Children to Christ, Not to the Font 1864

    -- July 24, 1864, Text: Mark 10:13-16 (the incident of the young children being brought to Jesus)
    -- Printed sermon entitled, “Children brought to Christ, Not to the Font”
    -- Stated that the text had nothing to do with baptism, but rather bringing children to Jesus to have him touch them
    -- Jesus did not baptize children or say anything about infant baptism
    -- Spurgeon said, “Faith is the way to Jesus; baptism is not.”

  • Newman’s Apologia pro Vita Sua (1864) - Period 21 - The Oxford Movement

    -- Newman's history of his religious opinions up to his reception into the Roman Catholic Church
    -- A primary historical source for the Oxford Movement
    -- Written in answer to an article published by Kingsley in Macmillan's Magazine, “What, Then, Does Dr. Neuman Mean?”

  • Christian Science 1866 - Period 20 - New Cults Emerge

    1. Christian Science was born in 1866 when Mary Baker Eddy's spontaneous recovery from a severe injury "authenticated" her discovery that reality is completely spiritual and evil--as well as sickness and death--is only an illusion.
    2. The healing techniques Eddy taught owed much to the principles of homeopathy and the practice of Phineas Quimby.
    3. She published Science and Health in 1875, and added Key to the Scriptures in 1883.

  • Tikhon (1866-1925) - Period 31 - Church vs.

    -- The first Patriarch of the Russian Church since 1700
    -- In Apr 1917 he became metropolitan of Moscow, and in Nov. 1917 was elected Patriarch, though with limited powers, by the Panrussian Council
    -- In 1919 he condemned all who persecuted the Church and called upon people to resist, but in the same year he imposed neutrality on the clergy in the civil war between the Reds and the Whites and refused to give his blessing to the latter.
    -- Arrested during famine of 1921-1922

  • Amendment XIV (1868) - Amendment XIV

    Individual states cannot abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States – “1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law;

  • Joseph Franklin (Judge) Rutherford (1869-1942) - Period 20 - New Cults Emerge

    He is the true founder of the Jehovah's Witnesses theocratic organization.
    While in prison he started publishing the journal Golden Age, which later became Awake! In March 1919 he was released on bail and his case was eventually dropped--but he was perceived as a hero within the movement.
    5. Under his leadership the Jehovah's Witnesses grew from one thousand members in the U.S. in 1918 to thirty thousand in the U.S. (fifty thousand worldwide) by 1942.

  • Presbyterian Church 1870 - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    1. When the war broke out in 1861, the Old School split along Northern and Southern lines.
    2. By 1870 the division between the Old School and New School was healed, but North/South division lasted for more than 100 years.
    3. In 1870 the Northern group took the name Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. The Southern group took the name Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America. After the war the Southern group became known as the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.

  • The Italian Political Situation in 1870 - Period 25 - Vatican I & Papsl Infallibility

    -- Nationalism on the rise in the 19th century
    -- Victor Emmanuel II (the king of Sardinia) with his minister Cavour began a campaign to unite all of Italy.
    -- Mazzini and Garibaldi
    -- By 1866 the conquest was complete except for the papal states.
    -- When French troops had to leave Rome because of the Franco-Prussian War, Italian troops entered Rome and made it the capital of Italy.
    -- Pope Pius IX retired within the environs of the Vatican, where he chose to regard himself as a prisoner.

  • The Pope's Lands since 1870 - Period 25 - Vatican I & Papsl Infallibility

    • 1870-1929 – Pope considered himself a prisoner in the Vatican; refused to recognize the Italian government which had taken away his lands.

  • William Ernst Hocking (1873-1966) - Period 34 - Mission Endeavors Today

    -- Professor of philosophy at Andover Theological Seminary, University of Southern California, Yale (1908-1914) and Harvard (until 1943).
    -- He took an active role in seeking the U.S.’ acceptance of the League of Nations in the 1920s and 1930s; later he actively supported the United Nations
    -- Served as chairman of the Commission of Appraisal of the Laymen’s Foreign Missions Inquiry which visited American Protestant missions in India, Burma, China and Japan in 1931.

  • Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) - Period 27 - New Testament Under Attack

    -- German theologian
    -- Physician - in 1913 gave up a career of great academic distinction to devote himself at Lambarene (French Equatorial Africa--Cameroon) to the care of the sick and missionary activities.
    -- Organist & Bach scholar
    -- In 1953 he was awarded the Nobel Peace prize

  • The United States' Hauge Synod 1876 - Period 15 - Hauge in Norway

    -- 1876 – developed from the Eielsen Synod
    -- 1905 – Discussions to merge with other Norwegians synods in the United States
    -- 1917 – merged with Norwegian synod and United Norwegian Lutheran Church in America to form the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America (later changed name to Evangelical Lutheran Church).

  • Pius XII (1876-1958) - Period 31 - Church vs. Communism & Fascism

    -- Pope 1939-1958
    -- In 1930 appointed cardinal & Papal Secretary of State
    -- 1st Papal Secretary of State to be elected Pope; his political experience needed in troubled times
    -- 1939 encyclical “Christmas Allocution” laid down the principles of a lasting peace in “Five Peace Points,” viz. (1) recognition of the right of every nation to life and independence; (2) true disarmament both material and spiritual;
    -- Criticized for not speaking out against Nazi atrocities during war

  • Harry Emerson Fosdick (1878-1969) - Period 29 - Denominational Doctrinal Strife

    1. Liberal Baptist preacher, studied at Colgate University (B.A., 1900), under William Newton Clarke, the foremost liberal Baptist theologian of the period.
    2. Studied at Union Theological Seminary, New York,
    3. Though a Baptist he became “Pulpit Minister” at First Presbyterian Church in New York.
    4. He gained national attention on May 21, 1922, when he preached the famous sermon “Shall the Fundamentalists Win?” The sermon was published under the title, “The New Knowledge and the Christian Fai

  • John Gresham Machen (1881-1937) - Period 29 - Denominational Doctrinal Strife

    1. In 1906 he began teaching at Princeton.
    2. Machen’s opposition to liberalism led to confrontation both within Princeton Seminary and in the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. In 1929 Princeton was reorganized “to ensure a more inclusive theological spectrum.” Machen and several other conservative faculty members withdrew from Princeton to found Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia.

  • Bultmann’s New Testament Approach (1884-1976) - Period 27 - New Testament Under Attack

    -- Attempted to fuse existentialism with rationalistic literary criticism
    -- Biblical interpretation
    - The first step: use the insights of rationalistic literary criticism
    - The second step is to interpret this material from the perspective of existential demythologizing.
    - The key to understanding the New Testament is supposed to be the realization that the message is not actual history (Historie) but the kerygma of the early church (Geschichte).

  • Karl Barth (1886-1968) - Period 30 - German Churches Between the Wars

    -- Commentary on Romans (Der Roemerbrief, 1919)
    -- Sided with the “Confessing Church;” helped formulate Barmen Declaration of 1934
    -- Vigorously attacked Nazism; refused to take oath of allegiance to Hitler and consequently was deprived of his teaching position; he left Germany for his native Switzerland in 1935.
    -- In 1932 there appeared the first volume of Die kirchliche Dogmatik; he worked on this project for most of the rest of his life.

  • Spurgeon in the “Down Grade Controversy” (1887-1889) - Period 23 - Spurgeon

    -- Reports of Baptist preachers preaching error, denial of the virgin birth, inspiration, Jesus’ bodily resurrection; use of negative critical methods, teaching evolution
    -- People urged Spurgeon to do something; Dr. Booth of the Baptist Union wrote Spurgeon a letter offering proof error, but the letter was to be kept private.
    -- In Spurgeon’s periodical The Sword and the Trowel two unsigned articles appeared “on the Downgrade” (not by Spurgeon), then 2 more written by Spurgeon.

  • Moody Bible Institute 1889 - Period 24 - Reaching the Masses

    1. The institute opened in Chicago in the fall of 1889, having grown out of the Chicago Evangelization Society (founded 1887). It was originally called The Bible Institute for Home and Foreign Missions of the Chicago Evangelization Society.
    2. The Institute soon became quite influential. -- Chicago was a strategic location. -- It provided a conservative theological alternative in the face of the growing liberalism in the nations seminaries.

  • Aimee Semple McPherson (1890-1944) - Period 24 - Reaching the Masses

    -- She was ordained in Chicago in 1909. -- Her husband joined her and promised to assist her ministry (they divorced in 1921).
    -- For the next several years she conducted huge tent crusades on the East Coast. Crowds were drawn to her because she was a spellbinding speaker and because of her faith healing.
    -- From 1918 until 1923 she crossed the U.S. eight times on preaching tours.
    -- For a time she was associated with the Assemblies of God, the Methodists and the Baptists,

  • Martin Niemoeller (1892-1984) - Period 30 - German Churches Between the Wars

    -- German Lutheran pastor; submarine commander during World War I
    -- At first welcomed National Socialism, but later opposed it on account of its pagan tendencies and supported the "Confessing Church"
    -- Arrested in 1937 and confined in a concentration camp
    -- Took a leading part in the “Declaration of Guilt” at Stuttgart
    -- Active role in the World Council of Churches

  • Charles M. Sheldon 1896 - Period 28 - Old Beliefs Challengedv

    The Social Gospel
    - wrote a series of novels that conveyed a social message, especially In His Steps: What Would Jesus Do? (1896)

  • C.S. Lewis (1898-1963) - Period 32 - Major Drives Today

    C.S. Lewis (1898-1963) In a time when there was an anti-intellectual spirit among fundamentalists, C.S. Lewis became an apologist for conservative Christianity. He had a radio program in England on the BBC during the Second World War and published several evangelical classics: The Screwtape Letters, Mere Christianity & The Chronicles of Narnia to name a few.

  • The Spark That Ignited The Pentecostal Explosion 1900 - Period 32 - Major Drives Today

    -- In December 1900, at Bethel Bible School near Topeka, Kansas, Charles Fox Parham asked his students to study the Bible to find scriptural evidence for the reception of the Holy Spirit. From their study they determined that speaking in tongues was the evidence that should be looked for.

  • Nathan Knorr (1905-1977) - Period 20 - New Cults Emerge

    1. In 1942 Knorr succeeded Joseph F. Rutherford as president of the Jehovah's Witnesses. He tried to improve the education of members, beginning the Kingdom Ministry School to help Witnesses carry out missionary activity.
    2. His final years were marked by the expectation and disappointment surrounding the prediction that the Second Advent would take place in 1975.

  • Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945) - Period 30 - German Churches Between the Wars

    -- Lutheran pastor, deeply influenced by Karl Barth
    -- Taught at Union Theological Seminary in New York (1928-29)
    -- Returned to a university lectureship and pastoral work in Berlin in 1931
    -- Strongly opposed to the Nazis, he sided with the Confessing Church against the German Christians and signed the Barmen Declaration in 1934.
    -- Served a Lutheran congregation in London for a time, but returned to Germany in 1935 to become head of a seminary for the Confessing Church at Finkenwalde in Pomera

  • Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America in 1908 - Period 28 - Old Beliefs Challenged

    1. By the turn of the century the term Social Gospel became attached to the reformist elements in the churches, most of which were influenced by liberal theology and progressive social thought.
    2. The Social Gospel called for cooperation among the churches so that the work of Christianizing society could be more effectively done. Its influence was strong in the formation of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America in 1908.

  • The Ecumenical Movement 1908 - Period 32 - Major Drives Today

    Definition: The ecumenical movement is the drive in modern times to attain or restore outward Christian unity without regard to doctrinal difference.
    -- 1908 the Federal Council of Churches in America was founded. Its constitution spoke of “united service for Christ and the world,” “devotional fellowship and mutual council,” and “a larger combined influence for the Churches of Christ in all matters affecting the moral and social condition of the people.”

  • Essays on traditional Protestant orthodoxy 1910 - Period 28 - Old Beliefs Challenged

    The Fundamentals & Fundamentalism
    1. Between 1910 and 1915 a twelve-volume paperback series containing essays on traditional Protestant orthodoxy was published.
    2. The series was conceived and published by a wealthy California oilman, Lyman Stewart, and his brother Milton.
    3. When the volumes were completed they were sent free of charge to Protestant religious workers all over the English-speaking world. This is usually regarded as the beginning of the organized fundamentalist movement.

  • Francis Schaeffer (1912-1984) - Period 32 - Major Drives Today

    American who moved to Switzerland with his wife and founded L'Abri, a retreat for the study of Christianity and modern culture. He became the leading evangelical apologist warning about the de-Christianization of western culture. His works included: The God Who Is There, Escape from Reason, How Should We Then Live? and Whatever Happened to the Human Race?

    Schaeffer is credited with causing American evangelicals to become more politically active in order to save American culture.

  • Carl Henry (1913-2003) - Period 32 - Major Drives Today

    When Fuller Theological Seminary was started in the late 1940s he was a member of the founding faculty. He left Fuller in 1956 to become the founding editor of Christianity Today. He left the magazine in 1968 and has taught at several conservative seminaries and colleges.

  • Schweitzer's The Mystery of the Kingdom of God (1914) - Period 27 - New Testament Under Attack

    -- Expansion of the theory espoused in Quest of the Historical Jesus.
    --Jesus saw himself in Jewish apocalyptic and eschatological terms, trying to bring about the Kingdom of God.
  • Period: to

    World War I

    Neo-Orthodoxy (more subtle form of liberalism)
    -- Began after World War I as a reaction to liberal theology
    - liberalism's optimistic view of human nature and the progress of society was shaken by World War I & the great depression
    - liberal theology tried to adjust Christianity to the changing world view of science & modernism with disastrous results

  • Baptist Union and Spurgeon after 1892 - Period 23 - Spurgeon

    -- The Baptist Union continued its downward drift into liberalism
    -- In 1915 there was a motion to delete the reference in the 1888 minutes to the censure of Spurgeon; the motion was overwhelmingly defeated.
    -- When the Baptist Union built its new headquarters a statue of Spurgeon was placed in the entrance of the hall

  • William Frank (Billy) Graham (1918- ) - Period 24 - Reaching the Masses

    -- He attended Bob Jones University in Tennessee and Florida Bible Institute in Tampa. In March 1938 he gave himself to a life of preaching.
    -- Between 1940 and 1943, Billy Graham attended Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois. There he met Ruth Bell, the daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Nelson Bell, Presbyterian missionaries to China. They were married in 1943.
    -- Graham's evangelistic efforts in Los Angeles (1949) brought him to national attention.
    The leading figure among evangelicals in 20th cent.

  • Lenin vs. the Churches 1918 - Period 31 - Church vs. Communism & Fascism

    -- Because the Russian Orthodox Church had always been identified most intimately with the government of the Czars and Russian feudalism, revolutionaries' animosity was directed against the church.
    -- On December 4, 1917, all ecclesiastical property was confiscated.
    -- On December 11 the separation of church and school was ordered
    -- On December 18 civil marriage was introduced
    -- On January 1, 1918, all subsidies by the state were stopped

  • Pope spoke out against Fascism 1922 - Period 25 - Vatican I & Papsl Infallibility

    -- 1922-1927 – Pope spoke out against Fascism
    -- Laterin Treaty of 1929
    - recognized the pope as the temporal sovereign of the Vatican City
    - the Italian government agreed to make restitution to the extent of (about $92,000,000) to the papacy for the previous seizure papal lands by Italy.
    - Roman Catholicism declared the official state religion of Italy and provided for religious instruction in the schools.
    - The pope formally recognized the Italian Kingdom with Rome as its capital.

  • John T. Scopes 1925 - Period 28 - Old Beliefs Challenged

    1. John T. Scopes was tried in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee, for teaching the biological evolution of humans.
    2. As soon as Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species was published in 1859, Christians divided over whether biological evolution contradicted the biblical account of creation.
    3. In the late 19th and early 20th century some who upheld the inerrancy of the Bible allowed for a kind of theistic evolution. Others correctly insisted that biological evolution and Genesis were incompatible.

  • League of Atheists 1925 - Period 31 - Church vs. Communism & Fascism

    -- 1925 organization of the League of Atheists; 1929 name changed to League of Militant Atheists in order to indicate that the goal of the league was "an active, militant fight against all religion." In 1935 the League consisted of 50,000 "cells" or chapters with about five million active members.
    -- Two million members in the Godless Youth organization

  • Disciples of Christ in 1927 - Period 29 - Denominational Doctrinal Strife

    Liberal/Conservative Struggle
    - Conservatives seceded to form the North American Christian Convention of the Disciples of Christ.

  • Mussolini and the Popes 1927 - Period 31 - Church vs.

    -- 1927 Pius XI condemned Fascist theory of supremacy of state
    -- Laterin Treaty of 1929; See “The 1929 Concordat” in Bibliographical Items to Note
    -- Pius XI praised the Italian dictator as a "man sent by providence"
    -- But Mussolini's cynical attitude towards the church & view that the state was superior led to the encyclical Quadragesimo anno (May 1931), in which Pius XI criticized certain features of the corporate state.
    -- A month later he denounced the fascist crackdown on Catholic Action.

  • The 1929 Concordat - Period 31 - Church vs. Communism & Fascism

    -- Recognized the pope as temporal sovereign of the Vatican City
    -- The Italian government agreed to make restitution for papal lands which had been seized to the extent of 1,750,000,000 lira (about $92,000,000)
    -- Declared Roman Catholic faith the official religion of the state
    -- Provided for religious instruction in the schools
    -- Canon (church) law to be enforced throughout Italy
    -- Pope formally recognized the Italian Kingdom with Rome as its capital

  • Pat Robertson (1930- ) - Period 32 - Major Drives Today

    A leader in the Charismatic Movement. In 1961 he started the nation's first Christian Television station and soon added others (which were later sold). This developed into his television show and the Christian Broadcasting Network. He once campaigned for the Republican nomination for the presidency.
  • Period: to

    The Great Depression

  • The Northern Baptist Convention in 1932 - Period 29 - Denominational Doctrinal Strife

    Liberal/Conservative Struggle
    - The Northern Baptist Convention (now the American Baptist Convention) in 1932. Conservatives seceded to form the General Association of Regular Baptists. In 1947 another group of conservatives seceded to form the Conservative Baptist Association.

  • Confessing Church 1933 - Period 30 - German Churches Between the Wars

    Confessing Church -- (Bekennende Kirche) group of German Evangelical Christians most actively opposed to the “German Christian” Church Movement sponsored by the Nazis between 1933 and 1945.
    - At the end of the War, in 1945, leaders of the Confessing Churches met a delegation of the Provisional World Council of Churches under G.K.A. Bell at Stuttgart and made to them a “Declaration of Guilt.”

  • Jerry Falwell (1933- ) - Period 32 - Major Drives Today

    Fundamentalist Baptist pastor. Founded the only congregation he has ever served in Lynchburg, Virginia. This congregation has grown into a megachurch. He is the founder of and speaker for the radio program, "Old Time Gospel Hour," and was a co-founder of the Moral Majority.

  • Five-year Plan of 1933-1937 - Period 31 - Church vs. Communism & Fascism

    1st year - close all houses of worship; 2nd year – liquidate relgious cells in families, remove believers from offices & facories, suppress religious publications
    3rd year – set up cells of the godless & produce 150 anti-religious films; 4th year – all former churches converted to theaters and clubs; 5th year – idea of God to be liquidated from hearts and minds
    World War II, Stalin forced to forget the suppression of the church and to seek the support of the church in his efforts to fight Nazis

  • “The Barmen Declaration” (May 29-30, 1934) - Period 30 - German Churches Between the Wars

    -- Confessing Church meeting at Barmen; drew up declaration to oppose the liberal tendencies of Nazi German Christians
    -- Declared that the foundation of the church is the revelation of God in Christ, not in nature and history.
    -- The church’s primary mission is to preach the free grace of God.

  • Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1936 - Period 29 - Denominational Doctrinal Strife

    Liberal/Conservative Struggle
    - Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. In 1936 the conservatives seceded to form the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.

  • Stalin vs. the Churches 1936 - Period 31 - Church vs. Communism & Fascism

    -- As a boy, Stalin attended the Orthodox seminary in Tiflis, but he abandoned religion for Marxist materialism without completing his studies for the priesthood.
    -- Constitution of 1936 declared in its paragraph 124: “In order to assure to its citizens freedom of conscience the church in the USSR is separated from the state, and the school is separated from the church. Freedom in the exercise of a religious cult and the freedom for anti-religious propaganda is guaranteed to all citizens.”

  • Hitler and the Roman Church 1937 - Period 30 - German Churches Between the Wars

    -- The Nazis gradually, but methodically destroyed the network of Catholic organizations in Germany, and clamped down on the Catholic press and schools.
    -- Pius XI issued the encyclical “Mit Brennender Sorge” (With deep anxiety) of March 14, 1937.
    - Smuggled into Germany without a single copy falling into Nazi hands
    - Read on Palm Sunday from every Catholic pulpit.
    - Protested against oppression of the church and called on Catholics to resist the idolatrous cult of church and state.
  • Period: to

    World War II

  • Mao vs. the Missionaries 1945 - Period 31 - Church vs. Communism & Fascism

    -- In August 1945, monks of the Trappist monastery at Yangkiaping were massacred. During the “Bloody Winter” (1947-48) almost 100 priests, brothers, and sisters plus many lay persons were murdered. -- Convinced of their imminent victory the Communists changed to a tactic of toleration in the summer of 1948 in order to win popular support.
    -- By the end of 1949 the whole of mainland China was under Communist control and harassment was soon renewed.

  • United Bible Societies (1946) - Period 13 - The Mission Century

    In 1946 the major Bible societies met and formed a cooperative organization called the United Bible Societies.
    - By the end of 2000 AD the complete Bible was available in 383 languages, portions of the Bible in 1,878 languages
    - UBS distribution in 2000: 23,571,127 Bibles; 20,479,893 testaments
    27,671,743 portions; 503,367,832 selections

  • World Council of Churches 1948 - Period 34 - Mission Endeavors Today

    -- Formally constituted at Amsterdam on August 23, 1948. -- In 1961 the constitution of the World Council of Churches was amended, so that the Council was defined as “A fellowship of churches which confess the Lord Jesus as God and Saviour according to the Scriptures and therefore seek to fulfill together their common calling to the glory of the one God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit.”

  • The Ecumenical Movement 1950 - Period 32 - Major Drives Today

    -- 1908 the Federal Council of Churches in America was founded. Its successor in 1950 was the National Council of Churches.

    -- Founding of the World Council of Churches in 1948
    -- Influence of Vatican II

  • New Evangelicalism 1950 - Period 32 - Major Drives Today

    -- Slow beginnings after of World War II
    -- Billy Graham began to receive national and international attention because of his crusades in the 1950s.
    -- The founding of Christianity Today in 1956.
    -- The 1973 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision. Conservative outrage over this decision to legalize abortion through the first six months of pregnancy did as much as anything to mobilize evangelicals.

  • Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International (FGBMFI) 1953 - Period 32 - Major Drives Today

    The Charismatic Movement
    -- Definition: The Charismatic Movement is the spread of Pentecostalism into the mainline denominations.
    -- (FGBMFI) formed in 1953 by Demos Shakarian and Oral Roberts
    - a forum within which mainline clergy and laity could interact with white-collar Pentecostals
    - The Fellowship did much to break the stereotypical image of Pentecostalism as a haven for the poor and unlearned, and through its meditation many from Protestant denominations experienced Pentecostal baptism.

  • John XXIII (1881-1963) - Period 33 - Vatican II

    -- Pope 1958-1963. Elected at the age of 74, he was expected to be a transitional or caretaker pope. He surprised everyone.
    -- In 1959 he proposed an ecumenical council, which he decided to call the Second Vatican Council. “He attributed the idea of convening such a council to a sudden inspiration of the Holy Spirit, and he gave to it the task of renewing the religious life of the Church and bringing up to date its teaching discipline and organization, to unite all Christians.

  • The beginning of the Charismatic Movement 1959 - Period 32 - Major Drives Today

    -- Beginning in the 1940s Pentecostals associated with other evangelicals through the National Association of Evangelicals and in 1960 Thomas Zimmerman, then superintendent of the Assemblies of God, was elected president of that body.
    -- The beginning of the Charismatic Movement is usually traced to 1959 when Dennis Bennett, rector of St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, California, received his baptism in the Spirit.
    - quickly spread to other mainline Protestant and Catholic denominations.

  • Consultation on Church Union (COCU) 1960 - Period 32 - Major Drives Today

    -- A movement toward church union among mainline U.S. Churches with the goal of “united” Christian Church.
    -- Participants: African Methodist Episcopal, African Methodist Episcopal Zion, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Episcopal, International Council of Community Churches, Presbyterian (USA), United Church of Christ and United Methodist. -- The COCU was inspired by a sermon preached by Eugene Carson Blake at Grace Cathedral (Episcopal), San Francisco, on December 4, 1960.

  • The Unitarian Universalist Association 1961 - Period 18 - New Religious Groupings in America

    1. The Unitarian and Universalist churches in the Unites States and Canada merged in May 1961.
    2. No minister, member or congregation "shall be required to subscribe to any particular interpretation of religion, or to any particular religious belief or creed."

  • Paul VI (1897-1978) - Period 33 - Vatican II

    -- Pope 1963-1978
    -- He was responsible for papal relief work during the Second World War
    -- He played a large part in the organization of the Holy Year in 1950 and the Marian Year in 1954
    -- In 1954 he was made Archbishop of Milan and did much to restore and rebuild churches destroyed during the War
    -- In 1958, on the death of Pius XII, his name was widely mentioned as a candidate for the Papacy.
    -- Pope John XXIII, made him a Cardinal and continually brought him forward at Vatican II.

  • Catholic Charismatic Renewal 1966 - Period 33 - Vatican II

    Catholic Charismatic Renewal
    - In 1966 two laymen at Duquense University in Pittsburgh felt that they lacked the power of the early Christians to proclaim the gospel. They shared their concerns with other faculty members. They read David Wilkerson’s The Cross and the Switchbalde and came into contact with some Protestant Charismatics. Several faculty members received “Baptism in the Holy Spirit” and the phenomenon spread to other faculty members and students in the middle of February 1967.

  • United Methodist Church 1968 - Period 19 - The Impact of Slavery

    1. In 1844 they formed the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. The northern group remained the Methodist Episcopal Church.
    2. These two denominations reunited and merged with the Methodist Protestant Church in 1939 to form the Methodist Church.
    3. This denomination merged with the Evangelical United Brethren Church in 1968 to form the United Methodist Church.

  • Bible Theology vs. Liberation Theology in Missions 1968 - Period 34 - Mission Endeavors Today

    -- Second General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, held in Medellin, Colombia, in 1968: church called to denounce oppression and side with the forces struggling for liberation.
    -- Introduced to North Americans with the English translation of Gustavo Gutierrez’ A Theology of Liberation

  • “Frankfurt Declaration” 1970 - Period 34 - Mission Endeavors Today

    -- Statements adopted Mar. 4, 1970, Frankfurt, Germany, by 14 Evangelical Lutheran German theologians.
    -- Reaction to the fourth General Assembly of the World Council in Upsala, Sweden, in 1968. At this time the ecumenical movement defined the task of evangelism to consist in changing the social, political, and economic structures. Humanism was increasingly in vogue among World Council members.
    clear and continuing opposition to the “humanization” posture of the World Council of Churches

  • Presbyterian Church in the United States 1973 - Period 29 - Denominational Doctrinal Strife

    Liberal/Conservative Struggle
    - Presbyterian Church in the United States in 1973.Conservatives seceded to form the Presbyterian Church in America.

  • “Lausanne Covenant” 1974 - Period 34 - Mission Endeavors Today

    -- International Congress on World Evangelization, at Lausanne, Switzerland (July 16-25, 1974) attended by 3,700 representatives from 150 nations to consider world evangelization by the year 2000 A.D., stressed the need for cross-cultural missionaries & tended to dismiss demand for moratorium on Western missionaries
    -- Issued a significant statement on evangelism which was personally signed by a high percentage of the participants which rapidly became a rallying point for Christians.

  • Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod 1976 - Period 29 - Denominational Doctrinal Strife

    Liberal/Conservative Struggle
    - Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod in 1976. Liberals seceded to form the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches.

  • John Paul II (1920- ) - Period 33 - Vatican II

    -- Elected Pope in 1978. First non-Italian pope since Hadrian VI (1522-1523).
    -- A scholar.
    -- In Poland, with Cardinal Stephan Wyszinski, the Primate, he was a leading figure in the church's struggle against the Communist Government.

    -- Active at Vatican II and in post Vatican II developments.
    -- Traveled widely, popular with the common people.
    -- Wounded in an assassination attempt in 1981.
    -- Has spoken out often on human rights while condemning violence.

  • ELCA (1988) - Period 32 - Major Drives Today

    LCA, ALC & AELC merged into ELCA (1988)
    ELCA’s ecumenical efforts
    -- Lutheran World Federation; Lutheran/Catholic dialogues—Joint Declaration on Justification (1999)
    -- Episcopal Church (1999)
    -- Moravians (1999)
    -- Reformed Church in America
    -- United Church of Christ
    -- Presbyterian Church (USA)