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This was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Henry V. At this time Henry V was known as the Holy Roman Emperor. The agreement theoretically stopped the conflict between the emperor and the Pope.
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This involved the Angevin Invasion of Wareham. The opposing forces included the army of Stephen of Blois. A long, complicated, and drawn-out war followed.
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Private castles started becoming very popular for barons. This power was a result of the civil war in the 1140s. The king’s authority was put into question due to many different and conflicting claims to the English throne.
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King Henry II was very powerful. He was married to Eleanor of Aquitaine which brought him power over England and even southern France.
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A specific example of how the rich continued to maintain power in their regions. This castle was shared by several families and is a stunning example of Romanesque architecture. Construction started around 1157.
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This was a plot by Eleanor of Aquitaine to kill her husband, Henry II. This resulted in her being punished.
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He was a German King elected unanimously. He had conflict with the church and with the Pope on what power should be given to whom. Specifically, he believed that his power was just as important as the church’s power and that he had the right to rule Rome, not the Pope. Frederick conquered northern Italy. However, the reaction was the Lombard League which defeated Frederick in the battle of Legnano.
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Philip II was a French King who obtained all of King John’s lands that were lost to the English in 1204 and 1214. These were two major conflicts.
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This started with a movement to take the Holy Land after it was taken by the Sultans. This crusade was known as the King's Crusade.
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Philip II had all of his official decrees written down permanently to prevent the breakdown of power. This is important because it prevented the weakening of the French government.
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Bernart de Ventadorn was a famous troubador who created what are known as cancons. This was a style of poetry/music that was very commonly used in the middle ages.
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He was extremely powerful and very respected as a pope. He had the final say in letting St. Francis and his followers become an order of the church.
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Gothic churches started to pop up around Europe. These churches were preferred by bishops over the monastic churches. Rose windows (windows shaped as flowers) were common in these Gothic churches.
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Byzantine Empire virtually fell apart due to the crusaders deciding to destroy it on their way to the Holy land. East and west Europe working together did not seem to work this time around.
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This battle allowed Philip II of France to defeat an international force which included: Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV, King John of England, Ferdinand of Portugal, Count of Flanders, and many others. As one of the results of losing this battle, King John signed the Magna Carta.
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The Magna Carta was signed by King John: June 1215 in Runnymede. This was the precursor to the rights of all Englishmen and Englishwomen.
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He was possibly the most famous scholastic. Once a university master, he focused on trying to combine principles of divine revelation with at least some of Aristotle's philosophies.
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English government was more institutionalized than the other governments in Europe. Government seemed to work well even without aid from the king. Officials were assigned specific tasks which kept each area of government in proper order.
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Famous journeyer who traveled to asia from Europe. He brought back spices and cultural ideas from asia.
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Towns start to pop up and peasants begin to gain independence from the grips of feudalism. Also, farming systems have improved and this has resulted in exploring new land. Guilds are popular.
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Built in 1306, this chapel was used as a place of worship for the townspeople. Located in Eze, France, it is the oldest building in the town still standing.
