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- Arab Revolt
- Securing independence Ottoman Empire & Arab State
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- UK did not keep its promise
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San Remo & Treaty of Sevres
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Syria split up in different parts
History of Lebanon and Syria are intertwined
Civilisations had to get used to borders and states they did not have that before with the Ottoman Empire -
State of Syria declared
Treaty of independence 1935- not ratified by France
During WWII under Vichy France invaded Syria
Independence in 1945 via UN
Instability: 3 coups in 1949, 20 cabinets in 10 years etc... -
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Instability, commonalities policy
Syrian political parties dissolved and withdrawal army from politics
Viewed with worry -
Coup d'état
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Failing economy and political system
Centralized, military dictatorship was destroying Syria's political and economical life
Coups and counter-coups -
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Ba'ath party in crisis:
- Establishing military committee
- Internal power struggle
- New Leadership struggle -
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Arab-Israeli War
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Poor family
Enrolled in military at a young age -
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Syria intervene in Lebanese Civil War
Assad symbol of government
Muslim Brotherhood
Attacks in cities and Assad -
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Reversed democratization
Death of Haze
Bashar new leader
- Was not first choice but elder brother died in car accident
Damascus spring: 'reformer'?
- Came from London with fancy wife (westernised)
- Everyone expected change -
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Huge protest against war in the Middle East
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Social unrest (socio-economic factors)
Initially: concessions
Aleppo and Damascus remained largely uninvolved
Captured by Salafi Jihadist groups
Chemical (Sarin) attack -
School boys graffiti Dr. al-Assad
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For political prisoners and demand offers