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Period: Jan 30, 1046 to Jan 30, 1056
Emperor Henry III
His reign represented the height of imperial power. Like Charlemagne, he viewed the Church as a branch of imperial governmnet. He expected the church to support the empire and its ruler. During this time, three different men claimed the title as "pope". Henry removed the men from office and elected a German man as pope. He also chose the next three popes. -
Jan 30, 1056
Henry III Death
Henry III dies and brought his five year old son, Henry IV, to the imperial throne. Powerful German nobles saw Hnery's youth as an opportunity to regain their independence and feudal powers. The church also moved to restore power it lost during Henry III's reign. -
Jan 30, 1066
Conflict with Henry IV
Henry moved to strengthen his imperial rule. This brought him into a conflict with Pope Gregory VII, one of the great leaders of the medieval church. The struggle between them reflected the clash between church and state that was a continuing issue in the Middle Ages. -
Jan 30, 1077
Meeting at Canossa
Henry sought the pope's mercy. Henry traveled to meet the pope. They met at Canossa, in the mountains of northern Italy. Henry and his attendants had to make their way through treacherous, ice-covered peaks. Henry waited in the bitter cold for three days to be admitted to the pope. When they met, he begged for the Pope's mercy. As a result, the pope revoked Henry's excommunication -
Jan 30, 1122
Concordat of Worms
The struggle over lay investiture continued; however, in 1122, representatives of both sides met in the German city of Worms to settle the conflict. The agreement they reached was known as the Concordat of Worms. This limited imperial power over the German church. The emperor could appoint bishops to fiefs. Only the pope, had the power to name bishops, whose spiritual authority came directly from pope. The Concordat of Worms recognized the spiritual leadership of the popes. -
Period: Jan 30, 1152 to Jan 30, 1190
Frederick Barbarossa
Ruled Germany. He sought to gain control of Italy. -
Jan 30, 1176
Defeat on Frederick
With the help of the pope, the city states united to form the Lombard League. They raised a powerful army that defeated Frederick. In the peace settlement that followed, the cities of the League recognized Frederick as overload. In return, Frederick let the cities govern themselves. The Lombard's success showed growing political power of cities in medieval Europe. -
Period: Jan 30, 1198 to Jan 30, 1216
Innocent III
He was one of the strongest medieval popes. He greatly strengthened the church and increased its worldly power. He was a skillful political leader who believed in the supreme eartly power of the papacy. To him, emperors and kings were no more than servants of the church. He felt that he had authority to settle all political & spiritual problems. Temporal rulers & nobles could advise pope, but they couldn't control him. He was involved in disputes all over Europe. Used excommunication & interdict -
Period: Jan 30, 1200 to Jan 30, 1300
Germany is tried to be United
Emperor Frederick tries to unite them and bring the two reigns together under imperial rule. He failed, however. -
Period: to
Empire's Status
Empire stood as a major power in Europe for hundreds of years after Otto's crowning until the early 1800's. -
Period: to
Germany and Italy became unified
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Otto's Move
He moved to seize territory in northern Italy by invading them. When Pope John XII struggled with Roman nobles, he begged Otto for help. -
Otto Coronation
Pope rewarded Otto's support by crowning him Emperor of the Romans. -
Charlemagne's Death
Death caused Italy to fall into a state of disorder. Descendants inherited the title "Holy Roman Emperor" but they did not really rule Italy. -
Otto I "Otto the Great"
In Germany, great feudal lords elected Otto I as their king.He was a powerful & forceful ruler. He worked to develop a strong kingdom in Germany like the Capetians in France. He was interested in Italy -
Period: to Jan 30, 1000
Ruling of Empires
Byzantine Empire held parts of Italy & Pope ruled Papal States. Arab Muslims ruled Sicily and commonly attacked Italian mainland.
