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Was the first king of Franks. United all the tribes under one ruler.
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One of the victims of the plague was Emperor Justinian, and although he recovered, the plague killed 38,000 Londoners.
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Fled from Mecca and migrated to Medina, where he became a political and spiritual leader.
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Muhammad's father-in-law, became Caliph after the death of the prophet, and began the expansion of the Arab empires.
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Led by Mu'awiyah, moved the capital of the Arab empire from Medina to Damascus, created the Caliphate (office of the Caliph), and expanded the Arab empire throughout North Africa and into Spain.
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King of the Franks and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
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Ruled by Abu al-Abbas, and moved the capital of the Arab empire from Damascus to Baghdad, which became the center of trade. 750-1258 was considered the Golden Age of the Arab Empires.
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defeated last Anglo-Saxon king of England in the battle of Hastings
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The Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine Empire and had taken almost all of their lands in Asia, including the Holy Land (Jerusalem), and converted to Islam. This forced the emperor of the Byzantine Empire to ask the Pope for military assistance.
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Converted to Islam and prospered in the Abbasid Empire, eventually capturing Baghdad. Their Sultan became the political leader and the Caliph became the spiritual leader.
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Duke William of Normandy defeated King Harold of England in the battle of Hastings. This was the most famous battle fought on English soil
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Called the first crusade in 1095 at the Council of Clermont.
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50,000 to 60,000 people gathered in Constantinople to begin the first crusade. They were ill prepared and knew very little about the climate, geography, or the culture of the holy land. After two years, and with only 12,000 people left, the Crusader army besieged Jerusalem for a month.
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Crusaders captured Jerusalem.
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The city of Edessa was captured by the Turks and the Second Crusade was launched to retake the city. It was led by the King of France and the King of Germany, and both of their armies were separately defeated by the Turks. This crusade was a disaster.
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Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces and King Richard led the Christian forces to retake the Holy Land. Muslims and Christians came to the agreement that the Muslims can keep control of Jerusalem but would allow Christians to pilgrimage to the city.
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Lost all of his land in France, arrested opponents at will, increased taxes, and led England into losing wars.
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In Runnymede, England, nobles stopped King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta. The seven ideas of this document were that the King has to obey the law, the king can be removed from power if he doesn’t obey the law, he must consult nobles before raising taxes, he cannot take peoples private property, he must leave Church matters to the Pope, due Process of Law, and trial by Jury.
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Hulegu conquered and destroyed Baghdad; he hated Muslims
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Years after the Plague of Justinian, the bubonic plague peaks again and is estimated to have killed 30–60 percent of Europe's population.
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To generate more power to christianity in Spain The queen of Spain Queen Isabella created the Spanish Iqusition. People who were suspected of practicing a religon that was different form christianity were questioned and trotured for week and when they confessed they were burned at the stake.
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The Pope supposedly surprised Charlemagne with the coronation, although many people believe that the Pope would never have dared to act without Charlemagne's knowledge.
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Ruler was Otto I, Fredrick I, and Fredrick II. All the kings wanted to rule over both German and Italian lands. Fredrick I decided to make Italy the main land in the Roman Empire because he considered it a "holy empire".
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Viking invasions caused communities to keep to themselves and begin the use of localized authority/social structure.
