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William the conqueror, the duke of Normandy defeated the last Anglo-Saxon king, Harold II and is then crowned King William I of England. -
King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta, which placed certain restrictions of his royal authority, which is seen as one of the founding documents on democracy. -
Henry III had been in ongoing conflict which his barons leading to the signing of the Provisions of Oxford which imposed a council of advisers, chosen by the barons. Henry wriggled out of the provisions, but was defeated and captured by Simon De Montfort at the Battle of Lewes o. De Montfort summoned an assembly which has often been considered a precursor to modern day parliaments. -
Robert the Bruce had himself crowned King of Scotland in defiance of Edward I who then died on his way up to do battle. The mantle was taken up by Edward II who was not quite the leader his father had been. The two sides met at Bannocknurn where Robert the Bruce defeated an English army twice the size of his own. It ensured independence for Scotland and humiliation for Edward. -
King Henry I sent his son and heir, William Adelin, to kneel before the French king. On his return journey, however, William’s ship was wrecked and the young prince drowned. That year, Philip VI of France seized the English held territory of Aquitaine which led Edward III to challenge the might of the French by declaring himself rightful King of France through his mother’s line. The resulting conflict divided Europe for over 100 years. -
Bubonic plague had already laid waste to much of Europe and Asia, but in 1348 it arrived in England, probably through the port of Bristol. The Grey Friars’ Chronicle reports 24 June as the date of its arrival, although it likely arrived sometime earlier but took time to spread. In a few years it killed between 30% and 45% of the population. -
In the aftermath of the Black Death fit workers were in high demand and they used this scarcity of labour to attempt to establish better working conditions. Coupled with high taxes this discontent among peasants led to a revolt led by Watt Tyler. King Richard II met the rebels and persuaded them to lay down their arms. After Tyler was killed by the king’s men Richard persuaded the rebels to disband by promising them concessions. Instead they received reprisals. -
With the French King Charles VI sick, Henry V took the chance to reassert English claims to the throne. He invaded Normandy but when a much larger French force had him pinned down at Agincourt it looked like his number was up. However, the result was a remarkable victory for the English. The subsequent victory of Troyes left Henry as regent of France and his heir Henry VI would become King of England and France. -
William Caxton was a former merchant in Flanders. On his return, he established the printing press in England which would print, among other things, the Canterbury Tales by Chaucer. -
After the death of Edward IV, his son Edward had briefly succeeded him as King. However he died along with his brother while in the Tower of London and Edward’s brother Richard took over. Richard, however, was killed at the Battle of Bosworth by Henry Tudor who established a brand new dynasty.
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