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William the Conqueror went against Harold Godwinson, in the Battle of Hastings. Fought in England, the battle determined who deserved the crown, and became king. The fight brought feudalism to England, and began a new English culture. Lastly, the clash resulted in making a census, called the Domesday Book, to count all the people, manors, and farm animals in England.
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The Song of Roland is a heroic epic in French, and is about Roland, a brave knight. Roland fights for Charlemagne, against the Muslims, Roland sounds his horn for help from Charlemagne, but it's too late. Educated people enjoyed heroic epics, and these epics were written in the vernacular, an everyday language.
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A new pope and the German king , in Europe, agreed that only the pope could choose birshops, but only the emperor could give them jobs in the government. The Concordat of Worms, the agreement between the pope and king, stopped the wars between the pope and ruler of the country.
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William of Aquitaine arranged Eleanor to marry Louis Capet, son of King Louis. They married in both Bordeaux and Poitiers, and then they relaxed in Poitiers. Eleanor and Louis had title, land, and became king and queen of France.
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Abbot Suger built St. Denis with colored glass instead of heavy stone. St. Denis, located in France, started a new type of architecture, called Gothic. The style shows up in colleges and churches, today. Abbor Suger let Louis be allowed the church, and created the style of Paris in his church.
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After Eleanor's seperation with Louis, she married Henry of Plantagenet. Abbot Bernard and Louis were shocked, and Louis invaded Normandy, Eleanor's new home. Eleanor now had a mate whose energy and decisiveness matched hers.
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King Henry II , who ruled England, used law courts to increase his power. His central court had trained lawters, judges, and circuit judges. Henry made a common law, which was the same throughout the whole kingdom. The king had a grand jury, and a trial jury. The English Common Law extended Henry's power and made his domain less chaotic.
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Thomas Becket became King Henry's chancellor in England. Becket was not only a chancellor, but a comrade and advisor. Thomas made Henry betrothed to Marguerite, and was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by Henry. Becket soon resigned, and that caused quite a rage with Henry. This led to all of Becket's relative banished from England.
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Church leaders tried to end heresy by establishing the Inquisition. At first, they sent Dominicans to spread the Church's message. Then they set up the Inquisition, that forced heretics to confess. The dissenter would be punished and return to the church. If the heretic didn't admit, then they would be executed.
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Richard was the fourth child of Eleanor and Henry. Richard was enemies with young Henry, his brother, and eventually went to war with him. The fight led to Henry's death, and means that Richard was the cause. He was Queen Eleanor's favorite, being by her side wherever she traveled. Richard owned Poitou, and also helped rule the Aquitaine. Richard started many rebellions, and was called Richard the Lion Heart. He had horrifying punishments, and killed the men he captured.
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King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta by English Nobles, at the Runnymede meadow. He couldn't collect taxes unless the Great Council agreed, and frremen could have fair trials by their peers. The Magna Carta created the basis of universal human rights;like no forced marriages. The habeas corpus was based off of the Magna Carta's ideas. The Magna Carta established everyone's rights, and the government's power is limited. This document of rights shows that even kings can have certain rules.
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The Black Death was a disease caused by a type of bacteria carried by fleas, and the fleas infested black rats. The Mongol Empire spread the plaque even more, because they traded goods. infested with rats. along the silk road, China, India, the Middle East, and Europe. The Black Death appeared at Caffa, a trade colony on the Black Sea, and the trading ships spread the plaque to Sicily. CONTINUED ON TIMESPAN
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Edward III, English King, claimed the French kings' lands, and caused war to begin. The first battle was at Crecy, and the English archers archers defeated the French army. The French slowly won back their land, but Henry V went on attack and restored English control of northern France. The Hundred Years' Wars settled the argument of who controlled France.
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The disease killed one out of every two people, and spread throught France, Germany, England, Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, and Russia. The Black Death caused people to question god, and blamed the Jews. Europe's economy turned upside down, trade declines, wages rose, and food prices fell. With the lower rents, peasants could pay their lord's rent instead of owing services, meaning they were no longer serfs. The Black Plaque weakened the feudal system and changed European society.
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Prince Ferdinand of Aragon married Princess Isabella of Castile, and became king and queen of Spain They pressured the Hews to become Catholic, and some became Christians. The couple still believed many secretly practiced Judausm, and set up the Spanish Inquisition. Ferdinand and Isabella tortured heretics to leave Spain or proselyte. Spain soon conquered Granada, where many Muslims lived. They too, had to to convert or vacate, and many went to North Africa.
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The Pope, Charlemagne, Alcuin, counts, and "the lord's messengers" were important people in the Holy Roman Empire. Charlemagne made Aachen the capital of his empire.The pope, impressed with Charlemagne, decared Charlemagne the new Roman emperor, on Christmas Day. Charlemagne wanted his people to be educated, and children of government officials studied religion, Latin, music, literature, and arithmetic.
