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Muslim soldiers invaded the Iberian peninsula in 711 and conquered it in seven years. It grew to become one of the great Muslim civilizations, reaching its pinnacle in the 10 century with the Umayyad caliphate of Cordova. Following then, Muslim power declined until 1492, when Granada was invaded. -
From 768 to 814, Charlemagne (c. 742-814), also known as Karl and Charles the Great, was a mediaeval monarch who governed much of Western Europe. Charlemagne was anointed Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III (750-816) in the year 800. He aided the Carolingian Renaissance, a cultural and intellectual renaissance in Europe, in this capacity. -
At the beginning of the early modern era, the Holy Roman Empire was a feudal monarchy that included present-day Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech and Slovak Republics, as well as sections of eastern France, northern Italy, Slovenia, and western Poland. -
King Harold II (c. 1022-66) of England was defeated by William the Conqueror's Norman soldiers in the Battle of Hastings in England on October 14, 1066. (c. 1028-87). Harold was dead and his forces were destroyed by the end of the terrible, all-day struggle. -
The Battle of Legnano took place on May 29, 1176, at Legnano in modern-day Lombardy, Italy, between Frederick Barbarossa's imperial army and the Lombard League's armies. Despite the fact that both sides were aware of the enemy's existence nearby, they were forced to meet without having time to develop a strategy. -
The Treaty of Jaffa was signed on the 1st or 2nd of September 1192 A.D. (20th of Sha'ban 588 AH) between the Muslim emperor Saladin and Richard the Lionheart, King of England, shortly after the Battle of Jaffa in July–August 1192. The contract, which was forged with the help of Balian of Ibelin, established a three-year truce between the two armies. -
Kublai Khan was the fifth emperor of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1206–1368), reigning from 1260 until 1294. In 1279, he conquered China and became the first Yuan ruler of the entire country. He had a role in the formulation of the “dual principle” political theory. Kublai 1294 was his death year (age 79). -
The Renaissance the cultural, political, scientific, and intellectual explosion that occurred in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries is arguably the most significant period in human development since the fall of Ancient Rome Italy in the 14th century was fertile ground for a cultural revolution. -
From 1346 to 1353, the Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic that swept through Afro-Eurasia. It was the deadliest pandemic in human history, killing 75–200 million people in Eurasia and North Africa, with a peak in Europe between 1347 and 1351. -
The Hanseatic League, often known as Hansa or German Hanse, was created to protect the mutual economic interests of northern German towns and German merchant communities overseas. From the 13th to the 15th centuries, the league dominated commercial activity in northern Europe. -
Columbus and his crew set off from Spain on August 3, 1492, on three ships: the Nia, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. The ships arrived on October 12th, not in the East Indies as Columbus had thought, but on one of the Bahamian islands, most likely San Salvador.
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In 1533, Henry VIII defied the church and married Anne Boleyn, who was now pregnant, in a secret ceremony. Henry's heir problem was solved, but he was excommunicated by the Pope. He assisted Henry in breaking away from Rome and established Henry as the Church of England's head. Henry received much-needed wealth as a result of this deed. -
Ivan the Terrible, Russian Ivan Grozny, byname Ivan Vasilyevich, also known as Ivan IV, grand prince of Moscow (1533–84) and the first to be proclaimed tsar of Russia (born August 25, 1530, Kolomenskoye, near Moscow [Russia]—died March 18, 1584, Moscow), grand prince of Moscow (1533–84) and the first to be proclaimed tsar of Russia (born August 25, 1530, Kolo (from 1547). -
During the 17th and early 18th centuries, the Swedish Empire was a European great power that ruled over a large portion of the Baltic region. -
The Russo-Polish War, sometimes known as the Polish-Soviet War, was a military war between Soviet Russia and Poland that lasted from 1919 to 1920. Following the overwhelming Polish victory, the Russo-Polish boundary was established, which lasted until 1939. The Russo-Polish War was fought between Russia and Poland. Officers of the Polish cavalry in Warsaw, Poland. -
The Treaty of Lisbon of 1668 was a peace treaty between Portugal and Spain that was signed on February 13, 1668, at Lisbon, with England's intervention, in which Spain recognized the sovereignty of Portugal's new ruling dynasty, the House of Braganza. In the name of her young son, Carlos II, the regent of Spain, Queen Mariana of Austria, the second wife of the late King Philip IV, acted. -
Peter the Great, Russia's monarch, dies on February 8, 1725, and is succeeded by his wife, Catherine I. Peter's rule, which began in 1696 when he became sole czar, was marked by major military, political, economic, and cultural reforms modelled on Western European models. He died four years later.
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The Glorious Revolution, often known as "The Revolution of 1688" or "The Bloodless Revolution," occurred in England from 1688 to 1689. The Catholic king James II was deposed, and his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch spouse, William of Orange, took his place. -
The War of the Spanish Succession began from a disagreement over the succession to the Spanish crown after the death of the childless Charles II, the last of the Spanish Habsburgs. -
The Russian Empire was created on November 2, 1721 (October 22, Old Style), when Peter I was given the title of emperor (imperator) over all Russia's by the Russian Senate. The empire and the governing Romanov dynasty came to an end with Nicholas II's resignation on March 15, 1917.
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