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Pre 1947 Era
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Creation of Jammu & Kashmir
The State of Jammu and Kashmir is created under the Treaty of Amristar, when the Maharaja Gulab Singh buys the Kashmir Valley from the East India Company and adds it to Jammu and Ladakh already under his rule. -
Indian Rebellion
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British/First Indian War of Independence. -
Kashmir Uprising
The movement against the Maharaja in Kashmir begins but is suppressed by State forces. -
Creation of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference
Sheikh Abdullah sets up ‘All Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference’ for freedom from the Maharaja's rule, which later became National Conference in 1939. The Glancy Commission in April 1932, highlights the inequality of the Muslim population & discusses the need for their adequate representation in the state's services; the Maharaja accepts recommendations but delays implementation; the Maharaja grants a Constitution providing a legislative assembly for the people,but the Assembly remains powerless. -
‘Quit Kashmir’ movement
The National Conference launches the ‘Quit Kashmir’ movement demanding abrogation of the Treaty of Amritsar and a call of sovereignty for the people of Kashmir. -
The Pakistan Resolution
The Pakistan Resolution is passed and demands the establishment of an independent state, comprising all regions in which Muslims are the majority. -
Quit Kashmir
Sheikh Abdullah launches the "Quit Kashmir" movement against the Maharaja. He is arrested. Jawaharlal Nehru attempts to go to Kashmir to defend Abdullah. He is arrested and forced to leave the State. -
The Poonch Revolt
In the spring of 1947, the Poonchis had mounted a vigorous campaign against the oppressive tax regime imposed by Dogra ruler on every hearth & every window. Even buffalo & sheep were taxed besides every wife. An additional tax was imposed to finance the salaries of taxmen, rent of tax offices. In July 1947, Muslims of Poonch were directed to surrender their arms only to be handed over to Hindus & Sikhs of the area.
https://defence.pk/threads/poonch-uprising-and-reasons-for-pashtuns-jihad.314265/ -
The Partition Plan
The Partition Plan decided to divide British India into independent dominions of India and Pakistan. (Viceroy of India Mountbatten meets Indian leaders to plan how to partition India into two nations) -
Viceroy's Kashmir Visit
Lord Mountbatten visits Kashmir for 5 days to persuade the Maharaja to accede to India or Pakistan. Maharaja shows reluctance. -
The partition of India
The British Indian Empire is dissolved and the Muslim-majority areas in the East and West are partitioned to form the separate state of Pakistan. -
The Jammu Massacre
In Sept–Nov 1947 in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, a large number of Muslims—estimated to as many as 200,000—were massacred & others driven away to West Punjab. The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus, aided & abetted by the forces of the Dogra State headed by the Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir Hari Singh. Observers state that his aim was to alter the demographics of the region by eliminating Muslim population & thereby gain power to continue his rule.
Reference: Wikipedia -
The Standstill Agreement
Kashmir signs the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan. The Maharaja delays his decision to accede into either India or Pakistan. -
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 & temporary Accession to India
Looking at the massacre of 2,00,000 muslims in Jammu, thousands of Pashtuns from Pakistan’s North West Frontier Province attack the Maharaja’s forces to save them from extremist Hindus & Sikhs. The Maharaja agrees to the Instrument of Accession on defense, communication & foreign-affairs to India.
The Indian Army enters the state to repel the Pashtuns. Sheikh Abdullah endorses the accession as ad-hoc which would be ultimately decided by a plebiscite. -
INDIA takes Kashmir Problem to UN
India takes the Kashmir problem to the UN Security Council. The resolution orders the cessation of hostilities and a formulation of a truce agreement, and that a plebiscite should determine the future of Jammu and Kashmir. However, both countries cannot agree on the terms of demilitarisation. -
Resource
End of British rule and partition of sub-continent into mainly Hindu India and Muslim-majority state of Pakistan. https://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/kashmir/conflict-profile/conflict-timeline/
