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Clovis was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the leadership from a group of royal chieftains, to rule by kings, ensuring that the kingship was held by his heirs.
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The Middle Ages is the period of European history from the 5th-15th century, normally marked from the collapes of the Western Roman Empire (the end of Classical Antiquity) until the beggining of the Reniassance and the Age of Discovery, the period which ushered in the Modern Era.
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The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.
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The Norman conquest of England was the invasion and subsequent occupation of England by an army of Normans and French led by Duke William II of Normandy. William, who defeated King Harold II of England on 14 October 1066, at the Battle of Hastings, was crowned king at London on Christmas Day, 1066. He then consolidated his control and settled many of his followers in England, introducing a number of governmental and societal changes.
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The Battle of Hastings was during the Norman conquest of England, between the Norman-French army of Duke William ll of Normandy and the English army under King Harold ll.
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A lay investiture is a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials. Whoever controled lay investitures had the real power in naming bishops. They were powerful clergy who the kings wanted to control. Church reformers felt that bishops shouldn't be under the power of any king. Pope George VII banned lay investitures in 1075.
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Pope Urban II made a speech giving rise to the Crusades by calling all Christians in Europe to war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land, with a cry of "Deus vult!" or "God wills it!"
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The Crusades started in 1095 when Pope Claremont preached the First Crusade at the Council of Claremont. The Crusades were great military expeditions undertaken by the Christian nations of Europe for the purpose of rescuing the holy places of Palestine from the hands of the Mohammedans.
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The First Crusade was an attempt to re-capture Jerusalem. After the capture of Jerusalem by the Muslims in 1076, any Christian who wanted to pay a pilgrimage to the city faced a very hard time. Muslim soldiers made life very difficult for the Christians and trying to get to Jerusalem was filled with danger for a Christian, which angered them.
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The battle was fought between the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, led by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and the Lombard League. The battle was fought in present day Italy, and the Lombard League won.
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The Fourth Crusade was originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. But instead, Constantinople was looted, which was one of the final acts in the Great Schism.
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The Magna Carta is a document that was created for the purpose of limiting the powers of the monarch and preserving the basic legal rights of all free men in England. It was eventually sent out to all of the towns and provinces of England so that all free men could see their basic legal rights.
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The Magna Carta guaranteed certain basic political rights, one of them is no taxation without representation. King John was forced to agree to sign the document.
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The assembly was broken into two groups; one of knights and burgesses that were know as the House of Commons, and the other group was nobles and bishops that were know as the House of Lords.
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When serious scholars and writers were writing in Latin, some poets wrote in lively vernacular, or the everyday language of their homeland. Danti Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy in 1321 in Italian and it is still being read today.
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The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France and their various allies for control of the French throne.
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The bubonic plague occured in China, and mainly affects rodents, but fleas can transmit the disease to people, which infect others very rapidly. The plague causes fever and a painful swelling of the lymph glands called buboes, which is how it gets its name, and it also causes spots on the skin that are red at first and then turn black.
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Once the flea bites a human, infected blood from the rat is introduced to the healthy blood of the human, and the bacteria spreads. Death occurs in less than a week for humans. The Black Death killed 1/3 of all of the people living in Europe.
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The Great was a split within the Catholic Church because two men claimed to be the true pope. It was more politics than any other disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance.
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Joan of Arc left Chinon at the head of her soldiers mounted on a fine war-horse and clad in white armor from head to foot, she rode along past the cheering multitude. In one hand she carried an ancient sword that she had found near the tomb of a saint, and in the other a white banner embroidered with lilies.
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On Christmas day of 800, Charlemeagne went to Rome to help put the affairs of the church in order. While he was praying in Saint Peter's, the pope crowned Charlemeagne emperor by placing a gold crown on his head.
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Otto i was also known as Otto the Great, and was the founder of the Holy Roman Empire, reigning from 936 until his death in 973. Otto was the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy.
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Many dozens of drakkars appeared in the "Mar da Palha" ("the Sea of Straw", mouth of the Tagus river). After a siege, the Vikings conquered Lisbon (at the time, the city was under Muslim rule and known as Al-Ushbuna). They left after 13 days, following a resistance led by Alah Ibn Hazm and the city's inhabitants.
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Charlemange was also known as Charles the Great or Charles I, was the founder of the Carolingian Empire, reigning from 768 until his death and he expanded the Frankish kingdom, adding Italy, subduing the Saxons and Bavarians, and pushed his frontier into Spain. He was the oldest son of Pepin the Short, and was the first Emperor in Western Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire four centuries earlier.
