-
Struggles between government and papacy. Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII clashed many times, The appointment of bishops in the Church, Henry believed he had a say. This caused many conflicts and disputes among the government and Curch. In 1122, representatives met in Worms, Germany to resolve the conflict. The Concordant of Worms was signed.
-
Italy was in Charlemagne's empire. After he died, this caused Italy to become very disorderly. His descendants inherited the title of Holy Roman Emperor. They did not rule Italy.
-
Byzantine Empire holds parts of Italy. The Pope also held the power in the Papal States. The Arab Muslims ruled Sicily and attacked the Italian mainland.
-
Otto was a powerful and forceful ruler who throughout his reign he strengthed Germany, seized Italian territory, and helped the Pope. He was crowned by the Pope in 962.
