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Mohenjo-Daro was probably one of the largest cities in the ancient Indus Valley culture, also known as the Harappa culture. It is located 570 km northeast of Mohenjo-Daro in Panyab. The city was surrounded by defensive walls of baked brick. It comprised two zones: the citadel, on a mound, where the administrative and perhaps religious center was located; It end by a natural catastrophe because the river disorved.
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India was invaded and conquered by Indo-European tribes from Central Asia around 1500-100 BC, who has an earlier and more advanced dark-skinned Dravidian civilization so they became Hindu culture. The war between the powers of light and darkness, a prevalent idea in ancient Aryan Vedic scriptures, was thus interpreted to refer to this war between light and dark skinned peoples. The Aryan invasion theory thus turned the "Vedas", the original scriptures of ancient India and the Indo-Aryans.
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The Maurya Empire was one of the largest empires of the world in its time. The Empire was expanded into India's central and southern regions by the emperors Chandragupta and Bindusara, but it excluded a small portion of unexplored tribal and forested regions near Kalinga, until it was conquered by Ashoka. It declined for about 50 years after Ashoka's rule ended, and it dissolved in 185 BCE with the foundation of the Shunga dynasty in Magadha.
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The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire founded by Sri Gupta. The peace and prosperity created under the leadership of the Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors. This period is called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive inventions and discoveries in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture.
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Traditionally, the meaning of the term Buddha is understood as a person who has awakened from the deep sleep of ignorance. In Indian tradition, the expression was already used before, during, and after the life of Siddhartha by many religious communities, but it became most strongly linked to the Buddhist tradition.
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Ashoka Priyadarsi ascended the Magadhan throne as the new Maurya ruler in 273 B.C. Ashoka was anxious to distinguish himself as a conqueror. Ashoka was ascended to the throne in 273 B.C.. But he was coronated four years later and in the 9th year of his reign after coronation, he invaded Kalinga and conquered it.
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Emperor Ashoka the Great lived from 304 to 232 BCE and was the third ruler of the Indian Mauryan Empire, the largest ever in the Indian subcontinent and one of the world's largest empires at its time. BCE and became a model of kingship in the Buddhist tradition. Under Ashoka India had an estimated population of 30 million, much higher than any of the contemporary Hellenistic kingdoms. After Ashoka’s death, however, the Mauryan dynasty came to an end and its empire dissolved.
