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The East India Company was initially created in 1600 to serve as a trading body for English merchants, specifically to participate in the East Indian spice trade. It later added such items as cotton, silk, indigo, saltpeter, tea, and opium to its wares and also participated in the slave trade. https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-India-Company
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On July 8, 1853, American Commodore Matthew Perry led his four ships into the harbor at Tokyo Bay, seeking to re-establish for the first time in over 200 years regular trade and discourse between Japan and the western world. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Matthew-C-Perry
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The Monroe Doctrine is the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs. https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=23
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The Great Trek was a movement of Dutch-speaking colonists up into the interior of southern Africa in search of land where they could establish their own homeland, independent of British rule. https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/great-trek-1835-1846#:~:text=The%20Great%20Trek%20was%20a,homeland%2C%20independent%20of%20British%20rule.
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Opium Wars, two armed conflicts in China in the mid-19th century between the forces of Western countries and of the Qing dynasty, which ruled China, and the Second Opium War was fought by Britain and France against China. In each case, the foreign powers were victorious and gained commercial privileges and legal and territorial concessions in China. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Opium-Wars
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Livingstone was a missionary whose purpose was to teach the people of the interior of Africa about Christianity and to possibly help them become free from slavery. It was this that motivated his explorations.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/livingstone_david.shtml#:~:text=Livingstone%20became%20convinced%20of%20his,sighting%20the%20upper%20Zambezi%20River. -
Treaty of Nanjing, a treaty that ended the first Opium War. https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Nanjing
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The Treaty was the result of an encounter between an elaborately planned mission to open Japan and an unwavering policy by Japan's government of forbidding commerce with foreign nations. https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/treaty-of-kanagawa
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Sepoy Rebellion or First War of Independence, widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857–59. Begun in Meerut by Indian troops (sepoys) in the service of the British East India Company, it spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow. https://www.britannica.com/event/Indian-Mutiny
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This system of governance was established after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria (who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India). https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj
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On November 17, 1869, the barrage of the Suez plains reservoir was breached and waters of the Mediterranean flowed into the Red Sea and the canal was opened for international navigation. https://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/English/About/SuezCanal/Pages/CanalHistory.aspx
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About: In 1877, Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Prime Minister, had Queen Victoria proclaimed as Empress of India. This title was a gesture to link the monarchy with the empire further and bind India more closely to Britain. http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/queen-victoria-becomes-empress-india#:~:text=About%3A,India%20more%20closely%20to%20Britain
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President Theodore Roosevelt oversaw the realization of a long-term United States goal—a trans-isthmian canal. Throughout the 1800s, American and British leaders and businessmen wanted to ship goods quickly and cheaply between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panama-Canal
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Indian National Congress, byname Congress Party, broadly based political party of India. Formed in 1885, the Indian National Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain. It subsequently formed most of India’s governments from the time of independence and often had a strong presence in many state governments. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-National-Congress
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Open Door policy, statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900 for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. https://www.britannica.com/event/Open-Door-policy
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The Boer War order that the British in the area should avoid building up their forces. The Boers declined to grant non-Boer settlers political rights, known as Uitlanders, most of whom were British, or to grant Africans civil rights. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/census/events/britain5.htm
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The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government. A Chinese secret society known as the Boxers embarked on a violent campaign to drive all foreigners from China. https://www.britannica.com/event/Boxer-Rebellion
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Roosevelt Corollary, foreign policy declaration by U.S. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt in 1904–05 states that, in cases of flagrant and chronic wrongdoing by a Latin American country, the United States could intervene in that country’s internal affairs. https://www.britannica.com/event/Roosevelt-Corollary
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Chinese Revolution, a nationalist democratic revolt that overthrew the Qing dynasty and created a republic. https://www.britannica.com/event/Chinese-Revolution-1911-1912
