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Aperture controls brightness and how much blurr you want in your picture.
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Shutter can capture motion and blur. You can pick how fast and how slow your shutter is open for.
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Your shutter button to admit light and expose the film inm your camera.
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The mirror guides light from the lens, into the viewfinder.
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The lens takes all the light coming through, and redirects it.
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The Sd Card basically just hold all your media for you. (Meaning your pictures and stuff)
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The viewfinder lets you see what's bouncing off of the mirror inside your camera. (It sorta lets you see the picture before you take it.)
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The Image Sensor receives light that is focused through the lens.