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Pope Gelasius saw that there were two symbolic swords- one religious and one political. He thought that the Emperor should bow to the pope for religious matters, but the Emperor thought the opposite. They continuosily competed for power.
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Under an interdict, many sacraments and religious services oculd not be performed in the king's lands. Popes used the threay of excommunication, or banishment from the church, to weild power over polotical leaders
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ex-communicated King Henry IV as well
Henry IV was angered that Pope Gregory did this -
He crosses the alps for forgivness from Pope Gregory VII
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representatives of the chruch and the emperor met in Worms, Germany
the Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment. -
the first ruler to call his lands the Holy Roman Empire
His forceful personality and military skills enabled him to dominate the German princes. -
foot soldiers of the Lombard League faced Frederick’s army of mounted knight
Italians won the battle -
returned to Germany
His defeat had undermined his authority with the German princes. -
after Fredrick drowned, the Empire failed.
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Pope Leo III crowns him the Roman emperor.
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Otto the Great was the most effective ruler of Medieval Germany. He formed a close reliance to the church.
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Otto invaded Italy on the Pope's behalf. After this invastion, he was crowned emperor by the Pope.
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The German-Italian Empire that Otto created turned into the Holy Roman Empire and stayed strong until 1100.
