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Charlegmagne's father died leaving him and his brother, Carloman with the empire. Though Carloman died leaving Charlamagne to be king. Charlegmagne expanded his empire into what is today's Germany. Charlegmagne became the Holy Roman Emperor and led many economic and eduction reforms.
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Investiture Controversy (was what this was called)
The crisis began when Pope Gregory had sent orders to Emperor Henry to stop appointing bishops. Henry IV disagreed and protested then called for the eletion of a new pope. In turn Gregory deposed Henry as German king.
This struggle was very important because it led to the Concordat of worms - an agreement to end the Investiture Controversey with kings allowed to invest bishops but only in the territory's they governed. -
The trigger for the first crusade was Byzantine Emperor Alexios I requesting help against the Turks from Pope Urban II. Urban was happy to help becuase he wanted to recapture the Holy Lands. The First Crusade achieved it's goal, capturing Jerusalem.
It marked a major turning point in the history of Europe as the first major war of conquest since the decline of the Roman Empire. -
King John was abusing his people, in responce churchmen, barons and knights challenged his rule and took control of London. King John needed London to rule so he had to promise to stop taking others goods. King John was forced to sign a document which stated the right of the people and that the law applied to everyone - this was called the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta was the start of protecting people's human rights all over the world.
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The crusades ended when the Holy Land was recaptured by Islamics. The crusades had been unsuccessful. The crusades were important in the survival in christianity.
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The plague seems to have begun in Asia, and was spread by fleas that lived on infected rats. It killed at leased one third of the population in Europe. At the end of the plague so much of Europe's infrastructure had been burned that it took around 150 years to rebuild.
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The Muslim Kingdom of Granada fell to Christian forces with the Muslims loosing their last hold in Spain. The Spanish crown ordered all Muslims to convert to Christianity.
The taking of spain opened the door for exploration of the New World.
