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Beginning in the 13th century the Holy Roman Emperor was elected by 7 of the most important princes in the empire.
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Ming lead a peasant revolt that forced out the Mongols and then started his own dynasty.
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After capturing Cueta, the Portuguese began their empire in Africa where they could collect gold and slaves to trade with other empires.
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The Mexica led a series of conquests that lead to the creation of an empire. They quickly conquered around 450 city-states to build their empire.
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The Ming government suspended further voyages in 1433 when admiral Zheng He died
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Pachakuti, the Inca's first great leader, began their conquests outward from Cuzco in 1438.
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England fought with France over the right to rule France until France eventually defeated them.
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Under the leadership of Mehmed the conqueror, the Ottoman empire captured Constantinople and forced out the Byzantine.
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The reconquista ended after Ferdinand and Isabella had conquered Granada, the last moorish stronghold.
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Emperor Akbar lead the Mughal empire by including all of his people and generating taxes from agriculture to build roads and engage in trade.
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After the death of Ivan The Terrible there was no clear ruler of Russia and the power was given to the Romanov dynasty.