History of Medicine - (Itzel Echevarria)

By Itzel E
  • Primitive Times
    4000 BCE

    Primitive Times

    1. Illness and diseases were
      • caused by evil spirits and demons
      • punishment from Gods
    2. Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
    3. Herbs and plants used as medicine (morphine and digitalis)
    4. Trepanation or trephining
    5. The average life span was 20 years old
  • Ancient Egyptians
    3000 BCE

    Ancient Egyptians

    1. Physicians were priests
      • Health records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
    2. Bloodletting or leeches were used as medical treatment
    3. Average lifespan was 20-30 years
  • Ancient Chinese
    1700 BCE

    Ancient Chinese

    1. Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
      • Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
      • Used therapies such as acupuncture
    2. Began to search for medical reasons for illness
    3. Average life span was 20-30 years
  • Ancient Greeks
    1200 BCE

    Ancient Greeks

    1. Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians
      • First to observe the human body and the effects of disease - led to modern medical sciences
      • Believed illness is a result of natural causes
      • Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
      • Stressed diet, hygiene, and exercise as ways to prevent disease
    2. Average life span was 25-35 years
  • Ancient Romans
    753 BCE

    Ancient Romans

    1. First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
    2. Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
    3. First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
    4. Galen established the belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
    5. Life span was 25-35 years
  • Dark Ages
    400

    Dark Ages

    1. Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
    2. Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease
    3. Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
    4. Medication was mostly herbal mixtures
    5. Average life span was 20-30 years
    6. Disease cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding
  • Middle Ages
    800

    Middle Ages

    1. Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
    2. 1100: Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses
    3. 1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia
    4. Major diseases included
      • smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
    5. 1220-1255: Medical Universities were established
    6. Average life span was 20-35 years
  • Renaissance
    1350

    Renaissance

    1. Rebirth of Science of Medicine
    2. Body dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
    3. 1440: Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
    4. 1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
    5. Average life span was 30-40 years
    6. Disease cause was still a mystery
  • 16th and 17th Centuries

    16th and 17th Centuries

    1. Knowledge regarding the human body greatly increased
    2. 1500: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
    3. 1600: Apothecaries made, prescribed, and sold medications
    4. 1670: Invention of the microscope
      • Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms
    5. Average life span 35-45 years
    6. Cause of disease still unknown-many people died from infections
      • Some enlightenment though due to the microscope
  • 18th Century

    18th Century

    1. 1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
    2. 1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
    3. 1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
    4. 1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered
    5. Average life span 40-50 years
  • 19th Century

    19th Century

    1. Rapid advancements due to discoveries of micro organisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
    2. 1895: X-Ray machine developed
    3. 1893: First open heart surgery
      • Infection control developed once micro organisms were associated with disease
    4. 1816: Invention of stethoscope
    5. 1860: Formal training for nurses began
      • Women became active participants in health care
    6. Average life span 40-60 years
  • 20th Century

    20th Century

    1. Rapid growth in health care
    2. 1901: ABO blood groups discovered
      • Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
    3. New medications were developed
      • 1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
      • 1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections(penicillin)
    4. New machines developed
      • 1943: Kidney dialysis
      • 1953: Heart lung
      • Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
    5. 1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy
  • 20th Century Continued

    20th Century Continued

    1. 1956: First bone marrow transplant
      • Initiated embryonic stem cell research
    2. 1978: Test tube babies
    3. Organ transplants
      • 1960: Kidney
      • 1963: Liver
      • 1967: Heart
      • 1982: Artificial heart
  • 20th Century Vaccines

    20th Century Vaccines

    • Diphtheria - 1921
    • Tuberculosis - 1925
    • Pertussis - 1927
    • Typhus - 1937
    • Influenza - 1945
    • Oral Polio - 1962
    • Measles - 1963
    • Mumps - 1967
    • Rubella - 1970
    • Chicken pox - 1974
    • Streptococcus Pneumonia - 1977
    • Meningitis - 1978
    • Hepatitis B - 1981
    • Hepatitis A - 1992
    • Lyme Disease - 1998
    • Rota-virus - 1998
  • 20th-21st Century - Top 10

    20th-21st Century - Top 10

    1. 1910: Laparoscopic Surgery
      • Minimal invasive surgery
    2. 1970's: Targeted cancer therapies
      • Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved with tumor growth
      • Identify and kill the cancer cells
    3. 1990: Smoke free laws
      • Decrease in 2nd hand smoke
    4. 1996: Advances in HIV medication
      • Turned a "death sentence disease" into a manageable chronic disease - Normal life span
    5. 1999: Rapid advances in stem cell research
      • Re-create lost/damaged tissue
  • 21st Century - Top 10

    21st Century - Top 10

    1. 2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky.
    2. 2003: Human genome product completed
      • Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get a handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
    3. 2005: Face transplants
    4. Vaccines
      • 2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
        • Prevent cervical cancer
      • 2015: Malaria
      • 2015: Ebola